Chapter 7: Data Privacy, Internet Politics, and Ethics Flashcards
1
Q
Terminological Fundamentals - data protection
A
- Data protection, in narrower sense, is the protection of personal data at manual or automatic data procession. Natural persons shall be protected from undesirable effects of stored data. (Krcmar)
2
Q
What do we mean by Privacy?
A
- Louis Brandeis (1890)
- “right to be left alone”
- protection from institutional threat: government, press
- Alan Westin(1967)
- “right to control, edit, manage, and delete information about themselves and decide when, how, and to what extent information is communicated to others”
3
Q
Privacy vs. Security
A
Privacy: what information goes where?
Security: protection against unauthorized access
- Security helps enforce privacy policies
- Can be at odds with each other
- e.g., invasive screening to make us more “secure” against terrorism
4
Q
Privacy-sensitive Information
A
-
Identity
- name, address, social security number, birthplace, genetic information…
- Location
-
Activity
- web history, contact history, online purchases
- Health records
- …and more
5
Q
Privacy in the Web 2.0 Era
A
- A taxonomy of social network information
- Service data: Data you give to a social networking site in order to use it
- Disclosed data: Data you post on your own pages
- Entrusted data: Data you post on other people’s pages that you lose control over once you post it
- Incidental data: Data people post about you
- Behavioral data: Data the site collects about your habits via behavior on the service
- Derived data: Data about you that is derived from all the other data
- 3 sources of data – User himself, Other users, from Inference Privacy can be compromised from any of these 3 sources
6
Q
Why, when and what to disclose?
A
- It is not a simple question!
- Tradeoff between functionality
- Also important whom to disclose it to?
- Relatives
- Co-workers
- Friends
- People want to disclose only what is useful
7
Q
Data Protection Measures
A
-
Political/legal principles
- Relevance
- Publicity (right to information)
- Accuracy
- Restriction of dissemination
- Separation of functions
- Obligation to enforce data protection measures
- Obligation to maintain confidentiality
- Establishment of discrete checking devices
- International data traffic
-
Technical/organizational measures
- Access control (location)
- Access control (information)
- Dissemination control
- Input control
- Order control
- Availability control
- Separate processing
8
Q
Legal Foundations in Germany
A
- EC Data Protection Directive (http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/index_en.htm)
- For entities collecting data
- For individuals (know your rights!)
- Different organizations for protection
- Federal Data Protection Law (Bundesdatenschutzgesetz, BDSG)
- Country specific Data Protection Laws
- Area specific regulations:
- Code of Social Law
- Telecommunications Act
- Telemedia Act
9
Q
The federal data protection law (Bundesdatenschutzgesetz)
A
- Purpose of this law is to protect individuals from a derogation of its personal rights, due to the handling of its personal data. (§1 para. 1 BDSG)
- Derivation of personal rights from the basic liberties of the constitution (article 1 and 2 GG)
- The basic right guarantees an individuals authority, to decide upon the disclosure and usage of its personal data.
10
Q
Functions of the State within Internet Politics
A
- Freedom and adjustment function
- Protection and warranty function
- Supply and innovation function
11
Q
Relationship between Internet / ICT and Politics
A
Three models:
-
Managerial model
- improving flows of information within and around the state
- ‘control’ as defining logic
- importance of ‘service delivery’
- speeding up of information provision is ‘opening up’ government
- regulatory, law making; responding to the needs of the ‘new economy’
-
Consultative model
- polling, access of voters and other interested parties to government, representation of views, advisory referendums
- ‘push-button democracy’, ‘e-voting’ - direct democracy - instantaneous opinion polling
- access as a technical issue - problems of self-selection of citizen respondents
-
Participatory model
- voluntary associations, spontaneous interactions within cyber-space
- access is enough to encourage wider political participation
- state protects free speech and rights of expression
12
Q
Net Neutrality
A
13
Q
Understanding Ethical and Social Issues Related to Systems
A
- Ethics
- Principles of right and wrong that individuals, acting as free moral agents, use to make choices to guide their behaviors
- A code or collection of principles to distinguish between the right and the wrong; to be applied to any judgement, action or behavior.
- Ethics reflects our basic values, priorities and ideals.
- The networked world poses many ethical challenges towards individuals, businesses, government and the society.
- Recent cases of failed ethical judgment in business
14
Q
Five Moral Dimensions – A Model
A
15
Q
Model for thinking about ethical, social, political issues
A
- Society as a calm pond
- IT as rock dropped in pond, creating ripples of new situations not covered by old rules
- Social and political institutions cannot respond overnight to these ripples
- it may take years to develop etiquette, expectations, laws
- Requires understanding of ethics to make choices in legally gray areas
