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Psychology 111 > Chapter 7: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Learning Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Learning

A

Based on experience; something that changes in the organism and changes that are relatively permanent

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2
Q

REVIEW: Behaviourism

A

John Watson - focussing on what people did

BF Skinner
Reinforcement of consequences

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3
Q

Classical conditioning (John Watson)

A

When a neutral stimulant produces a response after paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

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4
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

Dog gets food

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5
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

Dog gets food, goes over and eats it

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6
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

Human rings a bell when giving food

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7
Q

Acquisition phase

A

Ring bell, gets food

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8
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Condition to do. Ring bell, dog should drool

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9
Q

Conditioned response

A

Dog drools when hearing bell

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10
Q

Second ordered conditioning

A

Show dog a ball, ring a bell, and give food. Adds another condition

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11
Q

Extinction

A

Gradual elimination of learned response when conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus

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12
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Tendency of learned behaviour to recover from extinction after a test period

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13
Q

REVIEW!

Perceptual constancy

A

Chair tunes blue, still recognize it is blue

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14
Q

Generalization

A

When the conditioned response is observed even though the conditioned stimulus is slightly different from the original conditioned stimulus used during acquisition

Change the bell and dog still drools, just does not drool as much

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15
Q

Emotional response

A

Can be learned much faster than any other response

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16
Q

Little Albert (Watson)

A

Classical conditioning of a baby to fear rabbits

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17
Q

Watson went into advertising

A

Used emotional responses to sell products

Examples, baby’s on toilet paper, animals on diapers

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18
Q

Rescorla and Wagner

A

Classical conditioning occurs because of expectations

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19
Q

Conditioning is easier when it is _____

A

Unfamiliar

Because familiar stimuli already have expectations attached

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20
Q

Evolutionary elements of classical conditioning

A

Normally takes several pairings of conditioned stimulus with us to establish learning but food: tastes takes once

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21
Q

Examples of evolutionary elements of classical conditioning

A

Eat a whole bag of bits and bites, get super sick, never eat it again

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22
Q

Biological preparedness

A

Attribute to new thing

Prepared to be easily conditioned for survival

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23
Q

Side effects to chemotherapy

A

Nausea and vomiting

Although chemo makes you sick, people think it’s the food

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24
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Views people as active, as operating on environment

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25
Definition of operant conditioning
Consequences of an organisms behaviour determines whether the organism will repeat that behaviour in the future
26
Edward Thorndike
Law of effect: recorded behaviour is likely to occur | BF Skinner: rats in box
27
Forget:
Reinforcer, Punisher, positive, negative
28
Reinforcement
Increases frequency of a behaviour
29
Positive
Decreases frequency of a behaviour
30
Negative
Remove stimulus
31
Positive reinforcement
Done something, affects increased behaviour
32
Negative reinforcement
Take something away, behaviour is there
33
Positive punishment
Apply something to decrease frequency
34
Negative punishment
Removed something, decrease frequency
35
The key is the amount of time between behaviour and reinforcer or punishment
The more space between the consequences, the less powerful the reinforcer or punishment
36
Basic principles of operant conditioning
Behaviour is under discriminative stimulus control
37
Extinction burst
With holding reinforcement from previous reinforced behaviour
38
Schedules of reinforcement
Classical conditioning: pattern of reinforcement Operant conditioning: pattern of reinforcement
39
Fixed interval
Are specific amount of time must elapse before the reinforcer is presidented Example: exam schedule done once month ahead of time; it is fixed
40
Variable interval
Amount of time between behaviour and reinforcer will vary trial to trial Walk into doctor: is it 5 mins or 4 hours
41
Fixed ratio
Reinforcement is provided for a specific amount of repeated behaviours Buy 10 coffee’s get one free
42
Variable ratio
Reinforcement is provided following a behaviour without consistency Slot machines, you might win, might lose
43
Pattern of _______ differs for different types of ______
Responding, reinforcement schedule
44
Fixed interval
Responding increases as reinforcement time nears
45
Fixed ratio
Activity slows after reinforcement, then picks up again
46
Variable interval
Steady, consistent responding - hard to get shorted but one behaviour starts - vey hard to extinguish
47
Variable ratio
High rates of responding, hard to extinguish
48
Variable patterns of reinforcement =
Intermittent reinforcement effect
49
Shaping
Process of learning/ training behaviour through operant conditions. Reinforcing of successive steps to a final desired behaviour
50
Underlying brain mechanism
Pleasure centre of your body (Limbic system)
51
Limbic system consists of
Hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala All run on dopamine
52
Dopamine is more associated with _____ than with _______
Craving, liking/ active pleasure
53
Dopamine causes you to seek out _____ things and activities
Pleasurable
54
Opioid system makes you feel ____. It’s a balance between the two
Pleasure
55
Craving / seeking =
Dopamine
56
Satisfying / pleasure =
Opioid
57
If opioid system is stronger than dopamine
Narcotic / opioid = induces lethargic euphoria
58
Dopamine is stronger than opioid
Craving not getting satisfied Dopamine loop
59
Observational learning
Learn by watching the actions of others
60
Albert Bondura
Bobo doll, children kick the shit out of the doll, by things they’ve seen around them
61
Diffusion chain
Individual learns behaviour by watching someone else Displays that behaviour Becomes a model of that behaviour for someone else
62
Watch someone perform a motor skill,
You can perform that motor skill
63
Implicit learning
Learning that takes place without awareness, natural happens
64
Techniques for learning
Distributed vs mass practice
65
Distributed
Study over the course of days / x amount of time
66
Mass practice
Cramming
67
Stupid who don’t cram know how much more?
17%
68
Habituation
Living by an airport. Over time the stimulus goes away
69
Sensitization
Presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus House gets broken in to, at night your scared of sounds now
70
Latent learning
Something is learned but does not show it Rat in box does maze quickly after food comes about
71
Cognitive map
A mental representation of the physical features

Psychology 111 (8 decks)

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