Chapter 7 Part 1

Question 1

Cancer

Answer 1

generic term for all malignant neoplasms

Question 2

Neoplasia

Answer 2

new growth resulting from genetic alterations passed down to progeny of tumor cells

Question 3

Growth pattern of neoplasm

Answer 3

excessive, unregulated proliferation that becomes autonomous

Question 4

Tumor

Answer 4

initially used to describe inflammation, often used as a synonym for neoplasia

Question 5

Oncology

Answer 5

study of tumors

Question 6

Clonal

Answer 6

entire population of neoplasm arises from single cell that has incurred genetic change

Question 7

Benign

Answer 7

tumors considered to be grossly and microscopically innocent; localized, amenable to local surgical removal

Question 8

Malignant

Answer 8

invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites to cause death

Question 9

-oma tissue derivation

Answer 9

benign tumor arising from specific tissue (indicated by first portion of the word)

Question 10

carcinoma tissue derivation

Answer 10

epithelial origin from any 3 germ layers

Question 11

sarcoma tissue derivation

Answer 11

mesenchymal derivation

Question 12

tumor characteristics of benign neoplasms

Answer 12

well differentiated, usually progressive and slowly growing, well-demarcated mass, non-metastatic

Question 13

tumor characteristics of malignant neoplasms

Answer 13

lack of differentiation, atypical structure, erratic and varied growth, locally invasive, infiltrating surrounding tissue, frequently metastasizes

Question 14

Polyp

Answer 14

macroscopically visible projection into a lumen

Question 15

adenoma

Answer 15

benign epithelial neoplasm derived from glandular tissue

Question 16

Malignant neoplasms with benign terminology

Answer 16

mesothelioma, seminoma, etc.

Question 17

contents of a mixed salivary tumor

Answer 17

epithelial components with myxoid stroma (pleomorphic adenoma)

Question 18

Tissue components of benign and malignant neoplasms

Answer 18

neoplastic parenchyma and reactive stroma

Question 19

cystic teratoma of ovary

Answer 19

originates from totipotential germ cells, cystic tumor lined by skin with hair, sebaceous glands, tooth structures

Question 20

Tumor differentiation

Answer 20

extent to which neoplastic parenchymal cells resemble corresponding normal cells

Question 21

Major determinants of differentiation

Answer 21

neoplastic nuclei and cytoplasm, architectural relationship to other cells

Question 22

“well differentiated” measure

Answer 22

closely resembles parent tissue

Question 23

“moderately differentiated” measure

Answer 23

features of original tissue are identifiable but not the dominant pattern

Question 24

“poorly differentiated” measure

Answer 24

small minority of cellular constituents allow identification of parent tissue

Question 25

"undifferentiated" measure

Answer 25

tissue of origin cannot be discerned by histopathologic appearance

Question 26

Why are benign tumors generally considered well differentiated?

Answer 26

neoplastic cells so closely resemble parent tissue it may be impossible to recognize the neoplastic nature of the lesion, mitoses are rare and are of normal configuration

Question 27

Anaplasia

Answer 27

lack of differentiation, considered a hallmark of malignancy

Question 28

Metaplasia

Answer 28

replacement of one type of cell with another type

Question 29

Dysplasia

Answer 29

disordered growth, pleomorphic, architecturally deranged

Question 30

Dysplasia in squamous epithelia

Answer 30

normal progressive maturation of cells fails, full thickness replacement of epithelium by basal appearing hyperchromatic nuclei

Question 31

Carcinoma in situ

Answer 31

marked dysplastic, full thickness epithelium changes that do not breach the basement membrane

Question 32

common histopathologic features used to assess rate of growth

Answer 32

mitotic figures, loss of polarity, pleomorphism, abnormal nuclear morphology

Question 33

One unequivocal criterion of malignancy

Answer 33

metastasis, spread of tumor to physically discontinuous with primary tumor

Question 34

Clinical differences between solid and hematopoietic tumors

Answer 34

lymphomas and leukemias are often disseminated at time of diagnosis and, therefore, are less likely to be cleared