Chapter 7.2 - Imagery

Question 1

What is imagery?

Answer 1

• an experience that mimics a real experience
• We can be aware of “seeing” an image of smell, tastes, or sounds without actually experiencing the real thing

Question 2

What are the 4 W’s of Imagery?

Answer 2

• where
• when
• why
• what

Question 3

What are the 3 theories of imagery?

Answer 3

• psychoneuromuscular theory
• symbolic learning theory
• bioinformational theory

Question 4

What is the psychoneuromuscular theory?

Answer 4

• the observation of a particular movement the same muscles are activated as during the actual execution of that movement
• i.e., patterns of the muscle activity of skiers who imagine they are performing a downhill run

Question 5

What is the symbolic learning theory?

Answer 5

• how images play an important part on receiving and processing information
• visual cues develop and enhance the learner’s way on interpreting information by knowing how and what must be done to finish a certain task
• i.e., children may use a wooden block as a phone during play

Question 6

What is the bioinformational theory?

Answer 6

• mental images can be understood as products of the brain’s information processing capacity
• i.e., the muscle tensions when making a shot and the exhilarating feeling when the ball goes through the net

Question 7

Where do athletes use imagery?

Answer 7

• Practice, competition, rehabilitation, & outside of sport; Most frequently used in competition
• assist them in setting goals, as well as to stay motivated during competition

Question 8

When do athletes use imagery?

Answer 8

• Before, during, & after practice or outside of practice (at home)
• Most often just before competition
• i.e., imagine what you’re going to do, or the situation

Question 9

Why do athletes use imagery?

Answer 9

• a tool for developing their sport skills
• help stay motivated & maintain a vision of what they would like to achieve in their sport

Question 10

What 2 functions can imagery be broken down into?

Answer 10

• motivational
• cognitive

Question 11

What is cognitive specific imagery?

Answer 11

• Imagery of specific sport skills & practice on a pursuit rotor task
• i.e., imagining a free throw in basketball

Question 12

What is cognitive general imagery?

Answer 12

• Images of strategies, game plans, or routines
• i.e., imagining a floor routine in gymnastics

Question 13

What is motivational general imagery?

Answer 13

• Images relating to physiological arousal levels and emotions
• i.e., imaging feeling calm and relaxed in front of a crowd

Question 14

What is motivational specific imagery?

Answer 14

• Images of achieving specific goals
• influence self-standards against which we evaluate our performances
• i.e., imaging receiving a gold medal

Question 15

What is motivational general-arousal?

Answer 15

• Imagery associated with arousal or competitive anxiety
• Athletes’ heart rate significantly increase when using MG-A imagery
• MG-A imagery use accounted for significant variance in athletes’ anxiety

Question 16

What is motivational general-mastery?

Answer 16

• Imagery associated with the notion of being mentally tough, in control, and self-confident

Question 17

What is an example of cognitive general imagery by Munroe (2005)?

Answer 17

• Purpose: CG imagery intervention to increase the use of imagery and improve the strategic play of a young female soccer team (N = 13)
• Tasks (3 different strategies of play): Defending a direct free kick, Taking a direct free kick, Defending a corner kick
• 7-Week CG imagery intervention; 2 weeks per strategy
• results: one strategy improved, but not significantly

Question 18

What is an example of motivational specific imagery by Martin & Hall (1995)?

Answer 18

• 6 session imagery intervention with novice golfers learning a putting task
• Imagery group:
• more time practicing
• Set higher goals for themselves
• more adherent to training schedules

Question 19

What is an example of motivational general-mastery imagery by Hammond (2012)?

Answer 19

• Measures Sport confidence, Imagery ability, Stroke averags
• 6 sessions MG-M imagery intervention
• Results: Increase in sport confidence for one golfer, Improvement in stroke average for two golfers & Increased imagery ability for all

Question 20

What is the revised applied model of deliberate imagery use in sport by Cumming & Williams (2013)?

Answer 20

• sport situation and the individual = the imagery function (CS, CG, MS, MG-A, MG-M)
• imagery function = imagery type (internal, external, speed, kinesthetic, visual)
• imagery type = the outcome

Question 21

What is internal image perspective?

Answer 21

• see self perform through own eyes

Question 22

What is external image perspective ?

Answer 22

• third person view of self-performing

Question 23

What are the 4 types of imagery?

Answer 23

• visual, auditory, olfactory, kinesthetic
• Novice athletes mainly use visual imagery
• Elite athletes use kinesthetic
• Soccer player use auditory

Question 24

What is visual imagery?

Answer 24

• ability to reactivate and manipulate visual representations in the absence of the corresponding visual stimuli
• giving rise to the experience of ‘seeing with the mind’s eye’
• i.e., She had hair as golden as the sunrise

Question 25

What is auditory imagery?

Answer 25

- mental images or representations that are created in a person's mind when they hear sounds or words - i.e., As she walked through the wintery woods, her teeth chattered and the leaves crunched under her feet

Question 26

What is olfactory imagery?

Answer 26

- descriptions of smells and odours - i.e., The sweet fragrance of honeysuckle always reminded Jenny of her mother’s perfume

Question 27

What is kinesthetic imagery?

Answer 27

- describes the actions and movements of people or objects - i.e., running fingers on soft, silk fabric

Question 28

What is image speed?

Answer 28

- image in real time

Question 29

What is the effectiveness of imagery?

Answer 29

- highly cognitive tasks - greatest efforts = early stages - previous experience not necessary