Chapter #8

Question 1

What is the benefit of an experimental design? (3 main points):

Answer 1

You can identify the cause-and-effect relationship between variables by establishing covariation, temporal precedence, and the elimination or control of extraneous vriables

Question 2

What is Covariation:

Answer 2

Changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable

Question 3

What is Temporal Precedence?

Answer 3

Changes in the suspected cause (treatment) occur before changes in the effect (outcome)

Question 4

What are Extraneous Variables:

Answer 4

Factors other than the intended treatment that might change the outcome measure

Question 5

WHat is Internal Validity:

Answer 5

The degree to which we can rule out other possible causal explanations for the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

Question 6

What is Mundane Realism?

Answer 6

Does the study parallel everyday situations in the real world

Question 7

What is Experimental realism?

Answer 7

How engaged are participants so that their reactions are natural in response to the manipulation

Question 8

Two Group Experiment (Experimental Group):

Answer 8

The group or condition that gets the key treatment in an experiment

Question 9

Two Group Experiment (Control Group):

Answer 9

• Any condition that serves as the comparison group in an experiment
• This could be a group that receives no treatment or a different amount of the independent variable

Question 10

Two Group Experiment (Experimental Control):

Answer 10

The ability to keep everything between groups the same except for the one element we want to test in an experiment

Question 11

Assigning Participants to Groups (Independence):

Answer 11

The assumption that each participant represents a unique and individual data point

Question 12

Assigning Participants to Groups (Random Design):

Answer 12

Any method of placing participants in groups ensures each participant has an equal chance of being in any group (ex. using a random digit generator)

Question 13

Assigning Participants to Groups (Matched-pair Design):

Answer 13

The researcher creates a set of two participants who are highly similar on a key trait and then randomly assigns individuals in the pair to different groups. Requires

Question 14

What is the Effect Size?

Answer 14

A statistical measure of the magnitude of the difference between groups

Question 15

What is a Manipulation Check?

Answer 15

A measure that helps determine whether the manipulation effectively charged or varied the IV cross conditions