Lecture 2

Question 1

Variables

Answer 1

Elements that you expect to change or vary, or that can have several different values

Question 2

Hypothesis

Answer 2

A testable prediction about the relationship between variables

Question 3

Operational Definition

Answer 3

Determining how you will measure variables in your study

Question 4

What makes a good hypothesis:

Answer 4

• Is it parsimonious
• Occam’s Razor: the cutting away of the unnecessary
• Is it falsifiable
• Barnum Effect: belief in general personality statements

Question 5

Experimental Designs (with relation to IV)

Answer 5

a researcher controls and manipulates the independent variable (IV)
The researcher determines the levels of the IV and how participants are assigned to the levels of the IV

Question 6

Independent Variable (IV):

Answer 6

the variable that influences the dependent variable

Question 7

Levels:

Answer 7

Different variations of the independent variable determined by the researcher

Question 8

Dependent Variable (DV):

Answer 8

the variable measured in association with change in the independent variable; the outcome or effect

Question 9

Between - Subjects Designs

Answer 9

Each participant is tested on only one level of the IV

Question 10

Within - Subjects Designs:

Answer 10

Each participant is tested on all levels of the IV

Question 11

Correlation Design:

Answer 11

• A design in which there is no control or manipulation of the independent variable
• Cause-and-effect relationships between variables cannot be established

Question 12

Explanatory Variable:

Answer 12

Potential causal variable in nonexperimental designs; also known as a predictor variable

Question 13

Criterion Variable:

Answer 13

The outcome variable in nonexperimental designs; also known as the response variable

Question 14

Why a Correlational Design?

Answer 14

• When we are unsure of the direction of causation
• When it is unethical or unrealistic to manipulate the IV of interest