Readings Summary

Question 1

What is the Better-Than-Average Effect

Answer 1

When people overestimate the skills, abilities, and performance when comparing

Question 2

What is the Overconfidence Phenomenon

Answer 2

The tendency to be overly confident in the correctness of our own judgments

Question 3

What is Hindsight Bias

Answer 3

“I knew it all along”

Question 4

What is a confirmation bias?

Answer 4

Where we only look for supporting evidence rather than all evidence

Question 5

What is the focusing effect

Answer 5

A bias where we emphasize some pieces of info while undervaluing others

Question 6

What is introspection

Answer 6

Reflecting on own evidence/experiences to find relevant evidence

Question 7

“what you see is all there is” effect

Answer 7

When we fail to see the limitations of our immediate experience, making it difficult to predict alternative outcomes

Question 8

What is the Pleasure Paradox

Answer 8

When an introspective analysis becomes into one where something pleasurable becomes less enjoyable

Question 9

What is Belief Perseverance

Answer 9

Maintaining a belief despite encountering contradictory factual information

Question 10

What is Basic Research

Answer 10

Research dedicated to expanding the existing knowledge on a topic

Question 11

What is Applied Research

Answer 11

Dedicated to solving a problem and helping people by improving their quality of life

Question 12

What is Pseudoscience

Answer 12

Claims of beliefs that are misinterpreted as being derived by the scientific method

Question 13

What is Empirical Research

Answer 13

Using direct/indirect observations or experiences to test the research question

Question 14

What is a Systematic Review

Answer 14

A review of research that synthesizes the research evidence on a topic

Question 15

What is Meta-Analysis

Answer 15

Statistical analysis that compares and combines the results of individual but similar studies

Question 16

What is Scientific Law

Answer 16

A statment based on repeates eperimental observations that describes some aspect of the world

Question 17

What is Occam’s Razor:

Answer 17

Cutting out unimportant info

Question 18

What is the Barnum Effect

Answer 18

The tendency for people to believe that general descriptions of their personality are highly accurate and tailored specifically for them

Question 19

What is a Conceptual Definition

Answer 19

Defining a variable theoretically

Question 20

What is an Operational definition

Answer 20

Determining how the variables will be used in the study

Question 21

What is the experimental design

Answer 21

Where the researcher manipulates the independent variable, allowing the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships

Question 22

What is a Non-experimental or Correlational Design

Answer 22

No control or manipulation of the IV, where cause and effect relationships can not be established

Question 23

What is the Explanatory or Predicator Variable:

Answer 23

A potential causal variable in nonexperimental (correlation designs)

Question 24

What is the Criterion or Response Variable

Answer 24

A potential outcome variable in nonexperimental (correlation) designs

Question 25

What is a Longitudinal Design

Answer 25

The collection of data on participants over a set period of time

Question 26

What is Programmatic Research

Answer 26

a systematic/planned sequence of studies (related) which build directly on a previous study's findings to prove a more comprehensive understanding

Question 27

What is Beneficence

Answer 27

acting with the purpose of benefiting others

Question 28

What is Nonmaleficene

Answer 28

Do no harm

Question 29

What is Clinical Equipoise

Answer 29

Uncertainty as to which of two treatment options is more beneficial when conducting a study

Question 30

What does Confederate mean

Answer 30

As accomplice of the experimenter

Question 31

What does the Institutional Review Board (IRB) Do?

Answer 31

Determines the ethical nature of all human research

Question 32

What does the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

Answer 32

Determines the ethical nature os all animal research

Question 33

What is a True Experiment

Answer 33

Where the researcher manipulates all of the IVs and randomly assigns participants to groups

Question 34

What is a Quasi-Independent Variable

Answer 34

Variables are treated as if they are independent variables but the researcher did not manipulate them

Question 35

What is a Quasi-Experimental Design

Answer 35

Designs in which the researcher cannot manipulate the IV or use random designs

Question 36

What is Social Desirability

Answer 36

The tendency for respondents to give answers that make them look good

Question 37

What are Demand Characteristics

Answer 37

A cue that potentially makes participants aware of what the experimenter expects

Question 38

What is a Retrospective Bias

Answer 38

When participants view or interpret past events in an inaccurate way

Question 39

What is Behavioural Measure:

Answer 39

A measure of participants' actions in a research design

Question 40

What is a Behavioral Trace

Answer 40

A behavioral measure that relies on evidence left behind by a participant who is not longer present

Question 41

What is Behavioural Obervation

Answer 41

A behavioural measure that relies on directly seeing or observing behaviour