Chapter 8

Question 1

Arrhenius theory

Answer 1

acids - dissolve in water to form hydrogen ions or protons

base - dissolved in water to form hydroxide ions (OH-)

Question 2

Bronsted-Lowry theory

Answer 2

defines acid as a proton (H+) donor and a base as a proton acceptor

Question 3

H3O+ is referred to as the hydrated proton or…

Answer 3

Hydronium ion

Question 4

Ammonia accepts a proton from the solvent water, producing OH-, the …

Answer 4

hydroxide ion

Question 5

Amphiprotic

Answer 5

water, owing to the fact that it possesses both acid and base properties

Question 6

Conjugate acid

Answer 6

species formed when a base accepts a proton

Question 7

Conjugate base

Answer 7

species formed when an acid donates a proton

Question 8

Conjugate Acid-base pair

Answer 8

acid and base on the opposite sides of the equation are collectively termed Conjugate Acid-base pair

Question 9

Autoionization

Answer 9

self-ionization of water

Question 10

Ion product for water

Answer 10

product of hydronium and hydroxide ion concentration in pure water

Question 11

pH scale

Answer 11

gauges the hydronium ion concentration and reflects the degree of acidity or basicity of a solution

Question 12

Neutralization

Answer 12

reaction of an acid with a base to produce a salt and water

Question 13

Titration

Answer 13

involves the addition of measured amounts of a standard solution to neutralize the second, unknown solution

Question 14

Standard solution

Answer 14

one whose concentration is known with certainty

Question 15

Indicator

Answer 15

substance that changes color as the solution reaches a certain pH, is added to the unknown solution

Question 16

Buret

Answer 16

Solution of sodium hydroxide, perhaps .10000 M, is carefully added to the unknown solution

Question 17

equivalence point

Answer 17

the number of mol of hydroixide ion added is equal to the number of mol of hydronium ion present in the unknown acid

Question 18

Polyprotic substances

Answer 18

donate (as acids) or accept (as bases) more than one proton per formula unit

Question 19

Buffer solution

Answer 19

contains components that enable the solution to resist large changes in pH when either acids or bases are added.

Question 20

Buffer capacity

Answer 20

measure of the ability of a solution to resist large changes in pH when a strong acid or strong base is added.

Question 21

Oxidation

Answer 21

defined as a loss of electrons, loss of hydrogen atoms, or gain of oxygen atoms

Question 22

Reduction

Answer 22

is defined as a gain of electrons, gain of hydrogen atoms, or loss of oxygen atoms

Question 23

Corrosion

Answer 23

Deterioration of metals caused by an oxidation-reduction

Question 24

Voltaic cell

Answer 24

electrochemical cell that converts stored chemical energy into electrical energy

Question 25

anode

Answer 25

electrode at which oxidation occurs

Question 26

Cathode

Answer 26

Electrode at which reduction occurs

Question 27

Electrolysis

Answer 27

Reactions use electrical energy to cause non-spontaneous oxidation-reduction reactions to occur