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Flashcards in Chapter 9 Deck (31)
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1
Q

Radioactivity

A

process by which some atoms emit energy and particles

2
Q

Isotope

A

Same number of protons but different mass numbers

different number of neutrons

3
Q

Nuclide

A

any atom characterized by an atomic number and a mass number

4
Q

Alpha Particle

A

slow moving, 2 protons 2 neutrons (He),

5
Q

Beta Particle

A

B symbol, fast-moving (90% speed of light). Involves a neutron converting to a proton. No mass

6
Q

Gamma Rays

A

Y symbol, most energetic part, not considered matter

7
Q

Positron

A

Proton converts to neutron, Beta Particle

8
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

collective name for alpha, beta, gamma radiation. leaves a trail of ions throughout the material it penetrates

9
Q

Nuclear Equation

A

can be used to represent the process of radioactive decay a nuclide breaks down, producing a new nuclide, smaller particles , and/or energy

10
Q

m represents?

A

metastable isotope, meaning that it is unstable and increases its stability through gamma decay without change to mass or charge of the isotope

11
Q

Binding energy

A

measure of nuclear stability of the nucleus

12
Q

Half-life

A

is the time required for one-half of a given quantity of a substance to undergo change

13
Q

Radiocarbon dating

A

estimation of the age of objects through measurement of isotopic ratios of carbon

14
Q

Nuclear reactor

A

heat energy converted to liquid water into steam, which produces electricity

15
Q

Fission

A

occurs when a heavy nuclear particle is split into smaller nuclei by a smaller nuclear particle

16
Q

Chain reaction

A

when neutrons create a chain reaction

17
Q

Fusion

A

(meaning to join together) results from the combination fo two small nuclei to form a larger nucleus with the concurrent release of large amounts of energy

18
Q

Breeder reactor

A

variation of a fission reactor that literally manufactures its own fuel

19
Q

Nuclear medicine

A

use of radiation in the treatment of various forms of cancer, as well as diagnosing diseases/cancers/etc..

20
Q

Nuclear imaging

A

medical techniques involving tracers

21
Q

Tracers

A

small amounts of radioactive substances used as probes to study internal organs

22
Q

Natural radioactivity

A

naturally occurring

23
Q

ficial radioactivity

A

non-radioactive nucleus is made radioactive

24
Q

Background Radiation

A

level of radiation attributable to our surroundings on a day-to-day basis

25
Q

Shielding

A

a way to protect from harmful radiation

26
Q

Curie

A

measure of the amount of radioactivity in a radioactive source

27
Q

roentgen

A

measure of very high energy ionizing radiation (x-ray & gamma) only

28
Q

Rad

A

radiation absorbed dosage, provides more meaningful information than either of the previous units of measure

29
Q

Rem

A

describes the biological damage caused by the absorption of different kinds of radiation of the human body

30
Q

Lethal dose (LD50)

A

is defined as the acute dosage of radiation that would be fatal for 50% of the exposed population within 30 days.

31
Q

Stability of an isotope

A
  • Ratio of neutrons to protons
    – Nuclei with large number of protons (84 or more) tend to be unstable
    – The “magic numbers” of 2, 8, 20, 50, 82, or 126 help
    determine stability these numbers of protons or neutrons are stable
    – Even numbers of protons or neutrons are generally
    more stable than those with odd numbers
    – All isotopes (except 1 H) with more protons than neutrons are unstable