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Psychology > Chapter 8: Human Development > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Human Development Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Three common methods used to investigate the effects of aging on psychological processes

A

Longitudinal
Cross-sectional
Cross-sequential

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2
Q

A method that has the advantage of following the same subject across time but are limited due to the amount of time and money required to complete the study.

A

Longitudinal

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3
Q

Method that is cheaper, faster and easier to conduct because they gather information from different age groups at one particular period of time, however there may be individual and history differences

A

Cross-sectional

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4
Q

A combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional techniques and often represent an ideal compromise

A

Cross-sequential studies

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5
Q

Refers to the influence of everything you inherit genetically from your biological parents

A

Nature

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6
Q

Refers to the influence of your environment on your development

A

Nurture

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7
Q

Field of science that studies the interactions of nature, genes and nurture, or the environment

A

Behavioral genetics

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8
Q

The science of heredity and involves the study of DNA, genes and chromosomes

A

Genetics

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9
Q

The smallest unit of the three (DNA, genes and chromosomes) and is composed of strands and molecules linked together like a twisted ladder

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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10
Q

The next largest unit after DNA. These are sections of the ladder containing instructions on how to make a specific protein.

A

Genes

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11
Q

The biggest unit in the study of genetics. These are long strands of DNA twisted together and wound up in coils

A

Chromosomes

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12
Q

Chromosomes are found in the _____ of all the cells of your body except for ______ cells

A

Nucleus

Red blood

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13
Q

Humans have a total of ___ chromosomes.

A

46

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14
Q

First 22 pairs of the chromosomes are called

A

Autosomes

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15
Q

The last pair of chromosomes (23rd) is called the

A

Sex chromosomes

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16
Q

Genes that are more likely to influence the trait

A

Dominant

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17
Q

Almost all traits are determined by multiple gene pairs. This is called

A

Polygenic inheritance

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18
Q

Represents the beginning of life

A

Conception

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19
Q

Occurs when the sperm penetrates the egg or ovum

A

Fertilization

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20
Q

A single cell with 46 chromosomes (23 from sperm and 23 from the egg)

A

Zygote

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21
Q

Result from the zygote splitting into two separate masses early in the division process

A

Monozygotic (or identical) twins

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22
Q

Result from two eggs being fertilized by two separate sperm

A

Dizygotic (or fraternal) twins

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23
Q

Result from an incomplete separation of the zygotic mass

A

Conjoined twins

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24
Q

First two weeks of pregnancy after fertilization during which the zygote migrates down to the uterus and attaches to the uterine wall

A

Germinal period

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25
These begin to develop during the germinal period
Placenta and umbilical cord
26
Lasts from about 2-8 weeks, after which the embryo is about one inch long with primitive eyes, nose, lips, teeth, arms and legs
Embryonic period
27
Times in development during which an environmental influence can impact the development of the fetus.
Critical periods
28
The environmental influences that can negatively impact the development of the fetus
Teratogens
29
Lasts from the eighth week after conception to the end of the pregnancy
Fetal period
30
Tremendous growth of the fetus occurs during this period
Fetal period
31
A baby is considered preterm if it is born before the ___ week of pregnancy
38th
32
Most miscarriages also called _____ occur in the first ___ months of a pregnancy
Spontaneous abortions | Three
33
Five innate reflexes of infants:
``` Grasping Startle Rooting Stepping Sucking ```
34
Most developed sense of an infant
Touch
35
Least functional sense of an infant
Vision
36
___ are developed at birth but ___ must develop over a six-month time period
Rods | Cones
37
He believed that the primary factor in the development of a child's cognitive abilities was the child's interactions with objects in the environment
Jean Piaget
38
Piaget believed that this is the primary factor in the development of children's cognitive abilities
Interaction with objects in the environment
39
Children form mental concepts or _____ as they experience new situations and events
Schemes
40
Stages of cognitive development according to Piaget
Sensorimotor stage Preoperational stage Concrete operational Formal operational
41
This stage (from infancy to age 2) involves the use of the senses and muscles to learn about the environment
Sensorimotor
42
In the sensorimotor stage, symbolic thought and ____ develops
Object permanence
43
This stage (age 2-7) involves language and concept development through the process of asking questions
Preoperational
44
Children in the preoperational stage show characteristics of
Egocentrism Centration Irreversibility
45
This stage (7-12) includes development of concepts such as ______ and reversible thinking. Children are still unable to deal with abstract concepts.
Concrete operational | Conservation
46
Final stage of cognitive development (12--) Abstract and hypothetical thinking develops
Formal Operational
47
A Russian psychologist who felt that the primary factor in development was the social environment
Lev Vygotsky
48
A concept wherein a more highly skilled person gives the learner help and then stops as the learner develops on his or her own
Scaffolding
49
Vygostky believed that each child has a _______ which is the difference between what a child can do alone and what he or she can do with the help of a teacher
Zone of proximal development
50
Stages of language development
``` Cooing Babbling Holophrases Telegraphic speech Whole sentences ```
51
Refers to the behavioral and emotional characteristics observed in infancy
Temperament
52
Three types of temperaments
Easy Difficult Slow to warm up
53
The emotional bond between an infant and caregiver
Attachment
54
Studied attachment using the Strange situation and observed four attachment styles
Mary Ainsworth
55
Four attachment styles
Secure Avoidant Ambivalent Disorganized/disoriented
56
Studied the nature of attachment behaviors by observing monkeys interact with two different "surrogate" mothers
Harry harlow
57
Harry harlow found that this is an important factor in attachment
Contact comfort
58
He proposed an eight-stage theory of developed with each stage involving an emotional crisis in the individual's social interactions
Erik Erikson
59
First four crises which occurs during infancy and childchood
Trust vs mistrust Autonomy vs shame and doubt Initiation vs guilt Industry vs inferiority
60
The period of time around age 14 to the early 20s and is most clearly identified by the physical changes that occur in puberty
Adolescence
61
A thought process wherein adolescents feel they are different from all others
Personal fable
62
A thought process wherein the adolescent is convinced that everyone is looking at him or her
Imaginary audience
63
Proposed a theory about the development of moral thinking and divided the development into three levels
Lawrence Kohlberg
64
Three levels of the development of moral thinking according to Lawrence Kohlberg
Preconventional Conventional Postconventional
65
A level of moral thinking development during which the individual conforms to social norms
Pre conventional
66
A level of moral thinking development during which time the consequences determine morality
Conventional
67
A level of moral thinking development during which a person's individual moral principles determine right and wrong
Postconventional
68
Social crisis proposed by Erikson for the period of adolescence
Identity vs role confusion
69
Menopause for women, _____ for men
Andromache
70
The three psychosocial developmental stages for adulthood
Intimacy vs isolation Generativity vs stagnation Ego integrity vs despair
71
A term which refers to a sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life and possessing the ability to let go of regrets
Ego integrity
72
She proposed three basic parenting styles
Diana Baumrind
73
Three basic parenting styles
Authoritarian Permissive Authoritative
74
Permissive parents can either be ____ or ____
Permissive neglectful | Permissive indulgent
75
This theory suggests that cells are limited in the number of times they can reproduce
Cellular clock theory
76
Proposed that aging is a result of outside stressors such as physical exertion and bodily damage
Wear and tear theory
77
States that as people get older, more and more free radicals accumulate in their bodies
Free radical theory
78
Suggests that elderly people adjust more positively to aging when they remain active in some way
Activity theory
79
She proposed a well-known theory of the dying process
Elizabeth Kubler Ross
80
According to Kubler-Ross, people experience a series of five different emotions:
``` Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance ```
81
The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death
Human development

Psychology (6 decks)

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