Chapter 2 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Field that studies how the nervous system works
A
Behavioral neuroscience or biological psychology
2
Q
The cells in the nervous system that carry information
A
Neurons
3
Q
Information enters a neuron at the
A
Dendrites
4
Q
Information enters the neuron and flows through the cell body or
A
Soma
5
Q
Information enters a neuron to flow through the cell body and down the
A
Axon
6
Q
These cells make up 90% of the nervous system. Provides food, support, and insulation to the neurons
A
Glial cells
7
Q
The insulation around the neuron is called
A
Myelin
8
Q
Bundles of myelin coated axons are wrapped together in cable like structures called
A
Nerves
9
Q
Movement of the electrical signal down the length of the cell
A
Action potential
10
Q
The positive charges get pumped back out of the cell and the neuron returns to its negatively charged state
A
Resting potential
11
Q
The neuron either has an action potential or not
A
All or none phenomenon
12
Q
The other end of the neuron
A
Axon terminal
13
Q
Very tip of the axon terminal
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Synaptic knob
14
Q
Fluid filled space between two gaps
A
Synapse
15
Q
The chemical signals neurons use to communication with its target cell
A
Neurotransmitters
16
Q
When the neurotransmitter increases the likelihood of an action potential in the target cell
A
Excitatory synapse
17
Q
Neurotransmitter decreases the likelihood of an action potential
A
Inhibitory synapse
18
Q
Excitatory neurotransmitter that causes your muscles to contract and has a role in cognition, particularly memory
A
Acetylcholine
19
Q
An inhibitory NT that decreases the activity level of neurons in your brain
A
GABA
20
Q
Functions both as an excitatory and inhibitory NT and has been linked with sleep, mood and appetite
A
Serotonin
21
Q
Low levels of this NT causes Parkinson’s Disease
A
Dopamine
22
Q
Increased levels of this NT lead to schizophrenia
A
Dopamine
23
Q
Special NTs called a neural regulator that controls the release of other NTS
A
Endorphin
24
Q
Different Types of NT are cleared out of the synaptic gap through the processes of diffusion, enzymatic degradation and
A
Reuptake
25
Made up of the brain and the spinal cord
Central nervous system
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Made up of a complex network of cells throughout your body
Nervous system
27
Chemicals that are not naturally found in your body.
Agonists and antagonists
28
Lead a similar response in the target cell as the neurotransmitter itself
Agonists
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Block or reduce the action of the neurotransmitter on the target cell
Antagonists
30
A long bundle of neurons that transmits messages between the brain and the body.
Spinal cord
31
This is where the cell bodies or somas of the neurons are located
Along the inside of the spinal cord and the cell axons along the outside of the spinal cord
32
Sends information from your senses to the spinal cord
Afferent (sensory) neurons
33
send commands from the spinal cord to your muscles
Efferent (motor neurons)
34
Connect sensory and motor neurons and help to coordinate the signals
Interneurons
35
Afferent, efferent and Interneurons act together in the spinal cord to form a
Reflex arc
36
Ability of the brain and the spinal cord to change both in structure and function is referred to as
Neuroplasticity
37
One type of cell that facilitates the ability of the brain and spinal cord to change both in structure and function
Stem cell
38
Made up of all the nerves and neurons that are NOT in the brain or spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
39
The peripheral nervous system is divided into two parts
Somatic nervous and autonomic nervous
40
This nervous system consists of all the nerves coming from your sensory systems
Somatic nervous system
41
Sensory systems are also called
Sensory pathway
42
All the nerves going to the skeletal muscles that control your voluntary movements
Motor pathway
43
Made up of the nerves going to and from your organs, glands, involuntary muscles and is divided into two parts
Autonomic nervous system
44
The autonomic nervous system is divided into two parts
Sympathetic division and parasympathetic
45
Turns on the body's fight or flight reactions which include responses such as increased heart rate, increased breathing and dilation of your pupils
Sympathetic
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Controls your body when you are in a state of rest to keep the heart beating regularly, to control normal breathing and the coordinate digestion
Parasympathetic
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The division that is active most of the time
Parasympathetic
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Represents a second communication system in the body
Endocrine glands
49
Endocrine glands lack ducts and secrete chemicals called
Hormones
50
Located in the brain and secretes the hormones that control milk production, salt levels, and the activity of your glands
Pituitary gland
51
Also located in the brain and secretes melatonin. Helps to track day length and contributed to the regulation of the sleep
Pineal gland
52
Located in the neck and releases a hormone that regulates metabolism
Thyroid gland
53
Controls the level of blood sugar in the body
Pancreas
54
Regulate sexual behavior and reproduction (ovaries in female and testes in males)
Gonad sex glands
55
These glands are divided into two sections that play a critical role in regulating the body's response to stress
Adrenal glands
56
A section of the adrenal gland that releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenal medulla
57
A section of the adrenal gland that releases stress hormones such as cortisol
Adrenal cortex
58
Destroying a specific area of the brain
Deep lesioning
59
Stimulating a specific brain area
Electrical stimulation of the brain ESB
60
Used to treat Parkinson's disease
Deep brain stimulation DBS
61
Treats post traumatic stress disorder
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
62
Pictures the structures of the brain
CT scan or MRI
63
Use X-rays to create images of the structures within the brain
CT scans
64
Uses a magnetic field to take a picture of the brain
Magnetic resonance images MRI
65
Provides a record of the electrical activity of groups of neurons just below the surface of the skull
Electroencephalogram EEG
66
Uses magnetic fields in the same way as an MRI but pieces the pictures together to show changes over a short period of time
fMRI
67
Involves injecting a person with a low dose of radioactive substance and then recording the activity of that substance in the persons brain
Positron emission tomography PET
68
functions similarly to the PET scan but uses a somewhat different radio tracer technique
single photon emission computer tomography SPECT
69
The brain can be divided into three sections
Brainstem, cortex and the structures under the cortex
70
Lowest part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord
Brain stem
71
Outer wrinkled covering of the brain
Cortex
72
Controls life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat breathing and swallowing (brain stem)
Medulla
73
Influences sleep, dreaming and coordination of movements (brain stem )
Pons
74
Controls all of the movements you make without really thinking about it (brain stem)
Cerebellum
75
One main group of structures under the cortex
Limbic system
76
Receives input from your sensory system, processes it and then passed it on the appropriate area of the cortex (limbic)
Thalamus
77
Interacts with the endocrine system to regulate body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleeping, sexual activity and mood (FOUR F)
Also critical for the formation of long term memories and for memories of the locations of objects (limbic)
Hypothalamus
78
A small almond-shaped structure that is involved in your response to fear (limbic)
Amygdala
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Plays an important role in both emotion and cognition (limbic)
Cingulate cortex
80
A process where the cortex is wrinkled to increase its surface within the bony skull
Corticalization
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The cortex is divided into right and left sections called
Cerebral hemispheres
82
The two hemispheres communicate with each other through a thick band of neurons called the
It is located immediately below the cingulate cortex
Corpus callosum
83
Cerebral hemispheres can be divided into four sections called lobes
Occipital, parietal, frontal and temporal
84
A lobe at the back of the brain and processes visual information
Occipital lobe
85
Located at the top and back half of the brain and deal with information regarding touch, temperature, body position and possibly taste
Parietal lobes
86
Just behind your temples and process auditory information
Temporal lobes
87
Located at the front of your head and are responsible for higher mental functions such as planning, personality and decision making as well as language and motor movements
Frontal lobes
88
Motor movements are controlled by a band of neurons called
| Which Is located at the back of the frontal lobe
Motor cortex
89
Neurons that fire when you perform an action and also when you see someone perform that action
Mirror neurons
90
Areas within each of the lobes that are responsible for making sense of all the incoming information
Association areas
91
Located in the left frontal lobe in most people and is responsible for language production
Broca's area
92
A condition where a person have trouble producing the words he or she wants to speak
Broca's aphasia
93
Comprehension of language takes place in
| Located in the left temporal lobe
Wernicke's area
94
Language disorder where individuals are often still able to speak fluently but their words do not make sense
Wernicke's aphasia
95
Damage to the right parietal and occipital lobes can cause a condition known as
In which the individual ignores objects or body parts in their left visual field
Spatial neglect
96
Made up of the two cerebral hemispheres and the structures connecting them
Cerebrum
97
This helped scientists to figure out that the two cerebral hemispheres are not identical
Split Brain research of roger sperry
98
This hemisphere is typically more active when a person is using language math and other analytical skills
Left
99
This hemisphere shows more activity during tasks of perception recognition and expression of emotions
Right
100
The split in the tasks of the brain is referred to as
Lateralization
