Chapter 5

Question 1

Defined as any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice (as opposed to changes brought about by maturation)

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

A Russian psychologist who discovered one of the simplest forms of learning

Answer 2

Ivan Pavlov

Question 3

One of the simplest forms of learning

Answer 3

Classical conditioning

Question 4

An involuntary response that is not under personal choice or control

Answer 4

Reflex

Question 5

Repeated pairing of NS (neutral stimulus) and UCS (unconditioned stimulus)

Answer 5

acquisition

Question 6

Ability of a stimulus that resembles the Conditioned Stimulus to produce a Conditioned Response

Answer 6

Stimulus generalization

Question 7

Learning to respond to different stimuli in different ways

Answer 7

Stimulus discrimination

Question 8

Occurs after the Conditioned Stimulus is repeatedly presented without the Unconditioned Stimulus and the Conditioned Stimulus no long produces a Conditioned Response

Answer 8

Extinction

Question 9

Occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented after being absent for a period of time and produces a mild Conditioned response

Answer 9

Spontaneous recovery

Question 10

Process where a powerful conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus and the conditioned stimulus itself can function as an unconditioned stimulus and turn the neutral stimulus into a second conditioned stimulus

Answer 10

Higher order conditioning

Question 11

The process that allows us to adapt to the changing conditions of the environment around us

Answer 11

Learning

Question 12

When a person becomes classically conditioned simply by watching someone else respond to a stimulus

Answer 12

Vicarious conditioning

Question 13

Unique form of classical conditioning that can occur with only one neutral stimulus-unconditioned stimulus pairing

Answer 13

Conditioned taste aversion

Question 14

Conditioning is believed to occur so rapidly due to the _____ of most mammals

Answer 14

Biological preparedness

Question 15

The process in which the close pairing in time of the CS with the UCS eventually leads to the CS serving as a substitute stimulus for the UCS and activating the same brain area as the UCS

Answer 15

Stimulus substitution

Question 16

Type of learning more strongly associated with voluntary behavior and is based on _____ work

Answer 16

Operant conditioning, Edward thorndike

Question 17

States that if a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence it will tend not to be repeated

Answer 17

Law of effect

Question 18

Expanded on Thorndike’s law of effect and coined the term operant conditioning

Answer 18

BF Skinner

Question 19

Refers to any voluntary behavior

Answer 19

Operant

Question 20

A conditioning that focuses on what happens before the response

Answer 20

Classical

Question 21

A conditioning that focuses on what happens after the response

Answer 21

Operant

Question 22

A type of reinforcer that satisfies basic needs and don’t need to be learned

Answer 22

Primary reinforcers

Question 23

A type of reinforcer that get their reinforcing power through prior associations with a primary reinforcer and thus are learned

Answer 23

Secondary reinforcers

Question 24

Adding a pleasurable consequence after a response occurs

Answer 24

Positive reinforcement

Question 25

Removing something unpleasant after a response occurs

Answer 25

Negative reinforcement

Question 26

Occurs when a reinforcer is presented after every response

Answer 26

Continuous reinforcement

Question 27

Takes longer to go through extinction, more resistant to extinction

Answer 27

Partial reinforcement/partial reinforcement effect

Question 28

Timing of partial reinforcement

Answer 28

Schedule of reinforcement

Question 29

Occurs when a reinforcer depends on the number of responses that are made

Answer 29

Ratio schedule

Question 30

Reinforcers are presented after a certain period of time has passed

Answer 30

Interval schedule

Question 31

If the reinforcers are always given after a set period of time or number of responses, the schedule is said to be

Answer 31

Fixed

Question 32

If the reinforcer is given after varying periods of time or number of responses the schedule is labeled as

Answer 32

Variable

Question 33

Decreases the likelihood of a response

Answer 33

Punishment

Question 34

Any consequence of a response that causes that response to be less likely to happen again

Answer 34

Punishment

Question 35

While _____ strengthens a response that already exists, ________ eliminates the response

Answer 35

Reinforcement, punishment

Question 36

Situation wherein a response is followed by the addition of something unpleasant

Answer 36

Punishment by application

Question 37

Effect of punishment by application

Answer 37

Child avoids punisher Encourage lying to avoid punishment Creates fear and anxiety Hitting becomes model for aggression

Question 38

Occurs when a response is followed by the removal of something pleasant

Answer 38

Punishment by removal

Question 39

What to do to make punishment more effective

Answer 39

Administer immediately after the undesired behavior Administer consistently Pair with reinforcement for the right behavior

Question 40

Involves the use of operant conditioning to reward successive approximations until the desired response is obtained

Answer 40

Shaping

Question 41

Removal of reinforcement

Answer 41

Extinction

Question 42

Occurs when an organism attempts a previously learned response in order to receive a reward

Answer 42

Spontaneous recovery

Question 43

Defined as any stimulus that provides an organism with a signal or cue for making a certain response in order to get reinforcement

Answer 43

Discriminative stimulus

Question 44

Tendency to revert to genetically controlled patterns

Answer 44

Instinctive drift

Question 45

Used to describe the process of using operant conditioning to change behavior

Answer 45

Behavior modification

Question 46

Involves the use of tokens to modify behavior

Answer 46

Token economy

Question 47

Uses shaping techniques to obtain a desired behavior and is particularly successful with children with disorders

Answer 47

Applied behavior analysis

Question 48

Technique that uses operant conditioning to modify involuntary behaviors such as blood pressure and heart rate

Answer 48

Biofeedback

Question 49

Uses operant conditioning to try to change brain activity

Answer 49

Neurofeedback

Question 50

Focuses on the mental processes that occur during learning

Answer 50

Cognitive learning

Question 51

He studied the phenomenon of latent learning

Answer 51

Edward Tolman

Question 52

When subjects are subsequently reinforced, learning occurs much faster

Answer 52

Latent learning

Question 53

Studied a phenomenon he called learned helplessness

Answer 53

Martin Seligman

Question 54

Cognitive psychologist who studied the phenomenon of insight learning in animals

Answer 54

Wolfgang Kohler

Question 55

Involved a sudden perception of relationships that could not be gained through trial-and-error learning

Answer 55

Insight learning

Question 56

The learning of a new behavior by observing someone else who is performing that behavior

Answer 56

Observational learning

Question 57

Describes the fact that learning can take place without actual performance

Answer 57

Learning/performance distinction

Question 58

A major contributor to the study of observational learning and conducted a series of classic studies observing children's learned behaviors

Answer 58

Albert Bandura

Question 59

Four elements needed for observational learning to occur

Answer 59

Attention, memory, imitation and motivation