Chapter 6

Question 1

All the current models of memory involve

Answer 1

Encoding, storage and retrieval

Question 2

A model of memory which proposes that how long a memory will be remembered depends on the depth to which it was processed

Answer 2

Levels-of-processing

Question 3

A model which proposes that memories are created and stored across a network of neutral circuits simultaneously or in other words, in a parallel fashion

Answer 3

Parallel distributed processing model

Question 4

A model which proposes that memory is divided into sensory, short term, and long term

Answer 4

Information-processing model

Question 5

Information processing model is divided into three components:

Answer 5

Sensory, short term and long term

Question 6

First stage of memory and involves information from our sensory systems

Answer 6

Sensory memory

Question 7

Visual sensory memory that was studied by _____. Describes that everything that can be seen at one time has only a duration of half a second

Answer 7

Iconic memory, George spelling

Question 8

Known as photographic memory, the ability to access visual sensory memory over a long period of time

Answer 8

Eidetic imagery

Question 9

Memory of auditory information and had the capacity of what can be heard at any one moment and has a duration of two seconds

Answer 9

Echoic memory

Question 10

The process in which information moved from sensory memory to short term memory

Answer 10

Selective attention

Question 11

Another name for short term memory

Answer 11

Working memory

Question 12

Studied the capacity of short term memory using the digit span memory test

Answer 12

George Miller

Question 13

The process of reorganizing the information into meaningful units

Answer 13

Chunking

Question 14

Duration of short term memory without rehearsal

Answer 14

10-30 seconds

Question 15

Describes the process of continuing to pay attention to a piece of information

Answer 15

Maintenance rehearsal

Question 16

Third stage of memory proposed by the information-processing theory and has an essentially capacity and duration

Answer 16

Long term memory

Question 17

A way of transferring information by making it meaningful

Answer 17

Elaborating rehearsal

Question 18

Long term memories can be divided into two types

Answer 18

Procedural and declarative

Question 19

Memories for skills and habits, for things people can do.

Answer 19

Procedural or nondeclarative

Question 20

Memories of facts, or things people can know

Answer 20

Declarative

Question 21

Two types of declarative memories

Answer 21

Semantic and episodic

Question 22

Memory for the meaning of words and concepts

Answer 22

Semantic

Question 23

The memory of events and episodes

Answer 23

Episodic memory

Question 24

Procedural memories are stored in the

Answer 24

Cerebellum and amygdala

Question 25

Declarative memories involve the

Answer 25

Frontal and temporal lobes

Question 26

Procedural memory is sometimes referred to as | Nearly impossible to state in words

Answer 26

Implicit memory

Question 27

Declarative memory AKA | Easily verbalized

Answer 27

Explicit memory

Question 28

Suggests that information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion with related concepts physically close to each other

Answer 28

Semantic network model

Question 29

Describes the process of pulling memories out of long term memory

Answer 29

Retrieval

Question 30

A stimulus that aids in the process of remembering

Answer 30

Retrieval cue

Question 31

When the environment is which you learned an item serves as a retrieval cue, it is referred to as

Answer 31

Encoding specificity

Question 32

If an emotional state serves as a retrieval cue it is called

Answer 32

State-dependent learning

Question 33

Information can be retrieved through the process of __, such as filling the blanks or ___, such as multiple choice questions in which the correct answer needs only to be recognized

Answer 33

Recall and recognition

Question 34

Describes finding that information at the beginning and end of a list is more likely to be remembered than the info in the middle

Answer 34

Serial position effect

Question 35

Proposes that the information at the beginning of the list is remembered due to rehearsal

Answer 35

Primacy effect

Question 36

Proposes that the info at the end of the list is remembered due to the fact that it is still in short term memory

Answer 36

Recency effect

Question 37

Occurs when someone recognizes a piece of info as a memory even though it did not happen

Answer 37

False positive

Question 38

Spent more than 30 yrs investigating the reliability of eyewitness memories

Answer 38

Elizabeth Loftus

Question 39

A term used to describe the memory process when we aren't actively paying attention to the information

Answer 39

Automatic encoding

Question 40

A specific type of automatic encoding that occurs when an unexpected and often emotional event occurs

Answer 40

Flashbulb memory

Question 41

Retrieval of memories is a

Answer 41

Constructive process

Question 42

False information presented after an event influences the memory of that event

Answer 42

Misinformation effect

Question 43

When suggestions from others create inaccurate or false memories this is referred to as

Answer 43

False memory syndrome

Question 44

Tendency of people to falsely believe that they would have been able to accurately predict a result

Answer 44

Hindsight bias

Question 45

One of the first scientists to systematically study the process of forgetting

Answer 45

Herman Ebbinghaus

Question 46

Ebbinghaus presented his findings in a visual graph called the

Answer 46

Curve of forgetting

Question 47

Causes of forgetting

Answer 47

Encoding failure Decay of memory trace Proactive interference Retroactive interference

Question 48

Occurs when the information does not make it past the initial encoding process and never really becomes a memory

Answer 48

Encoding failure

Question 49

Occurs when info from the past disrupts newly learned info

Answer 49

Proactive interference

Question 50

Occurs when they newly learned info interferes with the memories of the info from the past

Answer 50

Retroactive interference

Question 51

A technique which greatly improves memory if study sessions are spaced out

Answer 51

Distributed practice

Question 52

Storage of short term memories

Answer 52

Prefrontal cortex and the temporal lobe

Question 53

Process of physically storing a memory in your brain and consists of a number of changes including an increase in receptor sites, increased sensitivity

Answer 53

Consolidation

Question 54

A specific protein which may control the production of new proteins within the mammalian nervous system

Answer 54

4E-BP2

Question 55

Been found to play an important role in the formation of new memories

Answer 55

Hippocampus

Question 56

A disorder characterized by severe memory loss

Answer 56

Amnesia

Question 57

An inability to retrieve memories from the past

Answer 57

Retrograde amnesia

Question 58

Inability to form new memories

Answer 58

Anterograde amnesia

Question 59

Inability to remember events from the first few years of life has been described as

Answer 59

Infantile amnesia

Question 60

Type of dementia that is associated with severe memory loss

Answer 60

Alzheimer's disease

Question 61

An active system that receives information from the senses, organized and alters it as it stores it and then retrieves information from storage

Answer 61

Memory