Chapter 8 - Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
pan-
A
all; total
2
Q
para-
A
beside; beyond; around; abnormal
3
Q
cephal/o
A
head
4
Q
cerebell/o
A
cerebellum
5
Q
cerebr/o
A
cerebrum
6
Q
dur/o
A
dura mater; hard
7
Q
encephal/o
A
brain
8
Q
esthesi/o
A
sensation; sensitivity; feeling
9
Q
gangli/o
A
ganglion
10
Q
ganion/o
A
ganglion
11
Q
gli/o
A
glia; gluey substance
12
Q
mening/o
A
meninges
13
Q
meningi/o
A
meninges
14
Q
ment/o
A
mind
15
Q
myel/o
A
spinal cord
16
Q
phas/o
A
speech
17
Q
quadr/i
A
four
18
Q
radic/o
A
nerve root
19
Q
radicul/o
A
nerve root
20
Q
rhiz/o
A
nerve root
21
Q
-genic
A
producing; originating; causing
22
Q
-iatrist
A
specialist; physician
23
Q
-iatry
A
specialty; treatment
24
Q
-ictal
A
seizure; attack
25
central nervous system (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
26
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
all nervous tissue that is outside of the brain and spinal cord
27
neurons
responsible for the computation and communication; release chemical signals to target cells
28
glial cells or glia
supporting role for nervous tissue
29
soma
cell body of neuron
30
axon
fiber that connect a neuron with its target
31
dendrites
responsible for receiving most of the input from other neurons
32
gray matter
regions with many cell bodies and dendrites
33
white matter
regions with many axons
34
cerebrum
region of the adult brain that develops from the telencephalon; responsible for higher neurological functions (memory, emotion, and consciousness)
35
cerebral cortex
covers the cerebrum in a continuous layer of gray matter that wraps around either side of the forebrain
36
thalamus
collection of nuclei that relay information between the cerebral cortex and the periphery, spinal cord, or brainstem
37
hypothalamus
region of the forebrain below the thalamus; function in both autonomic and endocrine systems; regulates homeostasis
38
unipolar cells
one process emerging from the cell; only found in invertebrate animals
39
bipolar cells
2 processes which extend from each end of the cell body, opposite to each other
40
multipolar neurons
neurons that are not unipolar or bipolar
41
somatic nervous system (SNS)
responsible for conscious perception and voluntary motor responses
42
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
responsible for involuntary control of the body, usually for the sake of homeostasis
43
enteric nervous system (ENS)
responsible for controlling the smooth muscle and glandular tissue in the digestive system
44
AD
alzheimer's disease
45
ADHD
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
46
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
47
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
48
CTE
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
49
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
50
EEG
electroencephalogram
51
EP studies
evoked potential studies
52
LP
lumbar puncture
53
MS
multiple sclerosis
54
OCD
obsessive-compulsive disorder
55
PD
parkinson's disease
56
PET
positron emission tomography
57
SAH
subarachnoid hemorrhage
58
TIA
transient ischemic attack
59
stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
loss of blood flow to part of the brain
60
ischemic stroke
loss of blood flow to an area because blood vessels are blocked or narrowed
61
hemorrhagic stroke
bleeding into the brain because of a damaged blood vessel
62
afferent nerves
carry sensory signals (nerve impulses) toward the central nervous fro the periphery
63
aphasia
loss of language function
64
arachnoid mater
middle layer of the meninges named for the spider-web-like trabeculae that extend between it and the pia mater
65
astrocyte
glial cell type of CNS that provides support for neurons and maintains the blood-brain barrier
66
axon hillock
tapering of the neuron cell body that gives rise to the axon
67
axon segment
single stretch of the axon insulated by myelin and bounded by nodes of Ranvier at either end
68
axon terminal
end of the axon
69
axoplasm
cytoplasm of an axon
70
babinski sign
dorsiflexion of the foot with extension and splaying of the toes in response to the plantar reflex, normally suppressed by corticospinal input
71
blood-barrier (BBB)
physiological barrier between the circulatory system and CNS that establishes a privileged blood supply, restricting the flow of substances into the CNS
72
broca's area
region of the frontal lobe associated with the motor commands necessary for speech production
73
brodmann's areas
mapping of regions of the cerebral cortex based on microscopic anatomy that relates specific areas to functional differences
74
cauda equina
bundle of spinal nerve roots that descend from the lower spinal cord below the first lumbar vertebra and lie within the vertebral cavity
75
caudate
nucleus deep in the cerebrum that is part of the basal nuclei
76
central sulcus
surface landmark of the cerebral cortex that marks the boundary between the frontal parietal lobes
77
cephalgia
pain in the head
78
cerebral angiography
process of recording the blood vessels of the cerebrum
79
cerebral hemisphere
one half of the bilaterally symmetrical cerebrum
80
cerebral thrombosis
formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel within the skull
81
choroid plexus
specialized structure containing ependymal cells that line blood capillaries and filter blood to produce cerebrospinal fluid in the 4 ventricles of the brain
82
corpus callosum
large white matter structure that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres
83
descending tract
carrying motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord or periphery
84
diencephalon
includes thalamus and hypothalamus
85
dorsal (posterior) nerve root
axons entering the posterior horn of the spinal cord
86
efferent nerves
nerve tissue that carries impulses away from CNS towards peripheral that result in motor response
87
embolus
obstruction such as a blood clot or plaque that blocks the flow of blood in an artery or vein
88
ependymal cell
glial cell type in the CNS responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid
89
foramen magnum
large opening in the occipital bone of the skull through the spinal cord emerges and the vertebral arteries enter the cranium
90
frontal lobe
region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the frontal bone of the cranium
91
glioblastoma
CNS tumor composed of developing glial tissue
92
glioma
tumor that begins in the glial tissue
93
gyrus
ridge formed by convolutions on the surface of the cerebrum or cerebellum
94
hydrocephalus
abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain
95
hyperesthesia
increased sensitivity to stimuli
96
integration
nervous system function that combines sensory perceptions and higher cognitive functions to produce a response
97
initial segment
first part of axon as it emerges from the axon hillock, where the electrical signals are generated
98
longitudinal fissure
large separation along the midline between the 2 cerebral hemispheres
99
meningocele
protrusion of the meninges
100
meningomyelocele
protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord
101
microalgia
smaller than other glial cells; ingest and digest cells or pathogens that cause disease
102
midbrain
portion of brainstem above pons; assists in motor reflexes associated with visual, auditory, and somatosensory stimuli
103
mononeuropathy
disease affecting a single peripheral nerve
104
myelin sheath
lipid-rich layer of insulation around axon; facilitates transmission of electrical signals
105
olfaction
sense of smell
106
pia mater
thin, innermost membrane of the meninges that covers the surface of CNS
107
poliomyelitis
acute infection by poliovirus
108
pons
responsible for regulating several crucial functions, including cardiovascular and respiratory systems
