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Evolution > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

MRSA ( methicillin resistant )

- it is a modified membrane protein that does not bind methicillin

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2
Q

MRSA

A

can have fitness costs to bacterial cell in absence of antibiotics because they are hard to eliminate

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3
Q

messes up cellular machinery, not as good as wild type.

A

without methicilin (antibiotic)

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4
Q

several genes affecting a system

A

polygenic traits

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5
Q

so much variation that not all genotypes are expressed

A

latent variation

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6
Q

could shift allele frequency

A

selection

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7
Q

can pull out new phenotypes without mutation

A

reassortment

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8
Q

Genes at 2 or more loci interact in nonadditive ways

A

Epistasis

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9
Q

Effects of one depend on context set by other

A

Phenotypic effect of loci context dependent
ex/ beach mice
-then natural selection acts on the combination of genes that produce certain phenotypes

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10
Q

if a favorable allele is liked to another

A

genetic hitchhiking

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11
Q

Even an unfavorable allele may increase in frequency

A

Genetic Linkage

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12
Q

Further apart genes will break this association faster

A

Genetic Linkage

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13
Q

Diversity in loci around selected locus less than neutral model

A

Genetic Linkage

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14
Q

Can work in reverse

A

Genetic Linkage

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15
Q

deleterious alleles may take good one with them

A

background selection

-result of genetic linkage

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16
Q

reduce variation

A

genetic linkage

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17
Q

Favorable gene arises in population & goes to fixation, takes everything with it

A

-selective sweep
-this happens in periodic selection
( process repeats )

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18
Q

genes in a selective sweep can be added by

A

tansposons and plasmids

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19
Q

resistant bacteria had more resistance to other antibiotics than sensitive strains

A

sufonamide

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20
Q

if two beneficial mutations are in a population

A

no recombination

-one will be driven out via competition

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21
Q

the slowing down of selection is known as

A

clonal interference

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22
Q

Pleiotropy – single gene with multiple effects on phenotype
Epistasis – a phenotypic trait is determined by complex interactions among multiple genes
Norms of reaction – a single genotype produces different phenotypes in different environments
Dominance – one allele masks the effect of another
Multiple pathways – a common phenotype may have different genetic bases.

A

adaptive landscapes

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23
Q

idea behind adaptive landscape

A

phenotypic space ( mophospace)

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24
Q

morphological values for characters

A

phenotypic space

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25
Inflorescence length and leaf length | Can be more than 2 dimensions
Phenotypic space
26
will lead a population up a adaptive landscape peak | Just not necessarily the best one
Natural selection
27
can shift a population off a peak | - so small populations easier to adapt
Genetic drift
28
a slow walk uphil
Natural selection
29
Can teleport across adaptive landscapes- extreme chances like coat color
Natural selection
30
" different alleles have different effects"
Wright | -genotype space
31
Weather smooth or jagged depends on effects
Wright's original Map
32
usually some resistance gene R which has some fitness cost | And C compensatory mutations that negate that cost
Antibiotic resistance
33
cant easily go back to rc from RC because of
circular genome
34
what causes variation
1. genes 2. environment 3. developmental noise
35
random chance during development
developmental nose
36
polygenic inheritance and epistasis
genes
37
Phenotype equals
genetic effects plus environmental effects | P=G+E
38
statistical measure of variation
variance
39
more difference between individuals
larger variance
40
humans prefer
monozygotic twins
41
(genetic variance 0), all environmental
inbred lines
42
Break Genetic Variation into - Dominance effects - Additive effects - Interaction effects
Narrow-sense Heritability
43
sum of each genes component
additive effects
44
epistasis
interaction effects
45
Fraction of total variation due to additive genetic variation
Narrow-Sense Heritability
46
effects the degree to which offspring resemble parent s
Narrow-Sense Heritability
47
the slope of a linear regression between average phenotype of the two parents and the phenotype of the offspring
Narrow-Sense Heritability
48
Tendency of birds to be restless at night when it is time to migrate
Migratory Restlessness | narrow sense heritability
49
Often jump in the direction they want to go
Migratory Restlessness
50
migratory behavior is
heritable- very strongly
51
Difference between mean of successful individuals and all individuals
selection differential
52
Difference between mean value of offspring and mean of parents
selection response
53
allows prediction of selection
breeders equation
54
Began in 1996 | Except 3 yrs in WWII
Illinois Long-Term Selection Experiment: Corn
55
Severe truncation experiment | Only top 20% and lowest 20% for oil content allowed to breed
Illinois Long-Term Selection Experiment: Corn
56
declines with time Some sources of variation are exhausted Still above 0 after 100 yrs!
Heritability
57
Far more variation revealed than in initial population (green)
Latent variation
58
as selection drives a population in directions
new allele combinations form- Latent Variation
59
- This has the capability of a population with a mean value that is greater than the original extent of variation - Without any mutations taking place
Latent Variation
60
Darwin started the Origin of Species with what?
artificial selection
61
Shows the capabilities of natural populations | -Think Wolves to Dogs, Wild mustard to cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and Kohlrabi
Latent Variation
62
- Experiments on bristle number in Drosophila - Chose top 50 flies for bristle number and bred them - Increased beyond original range of variation - Different populations changed at different rates - !!But all reached a plateau
Latent Variation
63
- !!When selection was terminated, bristle number decreased, - Why didn’t it go higher? - The genes were correlated with recessive lethal alleles that were increasing along with bristle number
Genetic Hitchhikers | - Latent Variation

Evolution (15 decks)

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