Topic 13

Question 1

body parts where they werent supposed to be or duplications

Answer 1

homeotic transformations

Question 2

some of the first gene promoters to be explored

Answer 2

homeotic genes

Question 3

ontogeny recapitulated phylogeny

Answer 3

biogenetic law

Question 4

ontogeny:
Recapitulates:
Phylogeny:

Answer 4

:Development
:replays
:evolutionary history

Question 5

development proceeds from general to specific

• an embryo can be anything
• to preserve early stages

Answer 5

Von Baer’s Law

Question 6

changes in timing of development

Answer 6

Heterochrony

-2 forms

Question 7

elder form- exageration of adult morphologies

-something added to life stage

Answer 7

Paramorphosis

Question 8

Child form- retention of juvenile morphology

Answer 8

Paedomorphosis

Question 9

Mature past adulthood and demonstrate hitherto unseen traits ( late offset)

Answer 9

Hypermorphosis

• thought irish elk
• different growth in our structures (head)
• acromegaly

Question 10

Part grows faster than in ancestors

Answer 10

Acceleration

-narwhal tusk, fiddler crab, nectar spurs

Question 11

onset of growth earlier

Answer 11

predisplacement

-ex/ meckels cartilage in birds

Question 12

differential growth of structures

Answer 12

allometry-type of hypermorphism

beak on some birds

Question 13

parts grow at same rate

Answer 13

isometry

Question 14

early offset, growth halts early

Answer 14

progenesis
ex/salomanders w juvenile hands
aphids mature before wings form some fish

Question 15

part grows slower than in ancestors

Answer 15

neoteny

-ex/humans increased skull allometry

Question 16

onset of growth later than ancestor

Answer 16

postdisplacement

-mammel meckels cartlage forms later than in ancestors (alligator)

Question 17

control the patterning of body structures, control identity of segments in all metazoans.

Answer 17

Hox genes

Question 18

missing thymus and pythiroid glands, abnormal ears, nose mouth and throat-kind of lke anntenipedia (hox gene)

Answer 18

Digeoirge syndrom

Question 19

changes to ears and lower jaw is an upper jaw

Answer 19

Ariculocondylar syndrome

Question 20

sonic hedgehog causes mirror image dupication to face

Answer 20

janice effects

-most of these are further down from the homeotic gene

Question 21

if it turns on in leg segment you get legs instead of anntenae

Answer 21

antennapedia

Question 22

a group involved in positioning of different cells

Answer 22

MADS-box AG

Question 23

have three classes of transcription factors- A, B, and C

Answer 23

dicots

Question 24

mutation to the AP3 gene in flowers

Answer 24

Arabidopsis

Question 25

controls eye development

Answer 25

Pax6

Question 26

structures may be homologous at one level, but not at another

Answer 26

Biological Homology concept

Question 27

encodes a transcription factor that governs development of body outgrowths

Answer 27

Distalless

Question 28

example of distalless - causes small or missing eye in drosophila - mammal equivalent is Pax6

Answer 28

Eyeless

Question 29

genes may have multiple enhancers

Answer 29

Regulatory Modularity

Question 30

different parts can evolve separately

Answer 30

Modularity

Question 31

homologous genes within a species

Answer 31

Paralogous

Question 32

homologous genes between a species

Answer 32

Orthologous

Question 33

One copy gains a new function, has to occur before one copy loses function -Ohnom

Answer 33

Neofuntionalization

Question 34

duplicate becomes specialized for a subset of the original genes functions, both gene copies would be expected to evolve

Answer 34

subfunctionalization

Question 35

can form many different types of cells

Answer 35

pleuripotent cell

Question 36

twisted wing parasites

Answer 36

strepsiptera