Chapter 2

Question 1

proposed a theory in which body parts arose independently from the ground describing organisms

Answer 1

Greek Philosopher Empedocles

Question 2

argued that if individuals assembled from parts that were unable to function together, they would go extinct

Answer 2

Empedocles

Question 3

wrote that if h had seen farther than others, it was only “ by standing on the shoulders of giants”

Answer 3

Isaac Newton

Question 4

Phylogeny shows

Answer 4

systematics

Question 5

Proposed that the sun and moon were physical objects

methodological naturalism

Answer 5

Anaximander

Question 6

among the first to develop a philosophy of a natural world driven by physical laws to replace supernatural world driven by divine action
nature instead of divine whim

Answer 6

Anaximander

Question 7

developed explanations based on natural instead of supernatural phenomenon

Answer 7

Anaximander

Question 8

methodological naturalism

Answer 8

the strategy of trying to explain the world based solely on natural phenomenon
is the heart of evolutionary biology

Question 9

recognized the significance of testing a hypothesis

Answer 9

Aristotle

Question 10

Wrote , Natural History of Animals

Answer 10

Aristotle

Question 11

said we must accept a general principle from logic only but must prove its application to each with facts, principles must agree with facts, if not we have to start over

Answer 11

Aristotle

Question 12

said men had more teeth than wemon

Answer 12

Aristotle

Question 13

noted plants occurred before animals

Answer 13

Empedocles

Question 14

concluded that rocks in mountains must have been underwater

Answer 14

Xenophanes (570-470 BCE)

Question 15

universe had been created -Oct. 23, 4004 BCE, preformed complex calculations based on old testament

Answer 15

• James Ussher (1581-1656)

Question 16

– based on heat – 75,000 to 2-3 Million

Answer 16

• Georges-Louis Leclerc comte Buffon (1707-1788)

Question 17

based on strata, erosion, etc. – inconceivably old

Answer 17

• James Hutton (1726-1797)–

Question 18

Had a famous book, Principles of geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the earths surface, by reference to causes now in operation
UNIFORMATISM ex erosion from dirt puddles

Answer 18

Charles Lyell

Question 19

whith his books, physics and natural history of animals the field of natural history was born

Answer 19

Aristotle

Question 20

spontaneous generation- the idea that complex life-forms arise, repeatedly from nonliving matter

ex/ frogs from mud bc frogs appeared after rain came

Answer 20

Aristotle

Question 21

fly, meat example

live can not come from non life

Answer 21

Fransico Redi

Question 22

March of Progress. Early Man. Time Life Books

Answer 22

Rudolph Zallinger in Howell, 1965

Question 23

– Chain of being
Each link fixed
Middle ages – link from inanimate organisms to angels.
Humans both physical and spiritual

Answer 23

Aristotle Idea

Question 24

Developed modern classification scheme
Believed species immutable
Documenting God’s plan

Answer 24

Linnaeus

Question 25

Wrote Book of Animals

Answer 25

Al-Jahiz

Question 26

“Animals engage in a struggle for existence; for resources, to avoid being eaten and to breed. Environmental factors influence organisms to develop new characteristics to ensure survival, thus transforming into new species. Animals that survive to breed can pass on their successful characteristics to offspring”

Answer 26

Al-Jahiz

Question 27

common morphological features are an expression of relationships

Answer 27

George-Louis Leclerq, Comte de Buffon

Question 28

struggle for existance | -darwin understood this

Answer 28

the notion that organisms are in a constant struggle to obtain resources and use them to produce more offspring than those around them

Question 29

wrote Zoonimia Temple of Nature (1803) - developed pattern of descent of modern organisms, perhaps anticipated IAC Noted struggle for existence, but did not connect it to change

Answer 29

Erasmus Darwin

Question 30

each species originated from the inheritance of aquired characteristics

Answer 30

Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chavalier de Lamarck

Question 31

wrote zoological philosophy

Answer 31

Lamarck

Question 32

On Naval Timber and Arboriculture, 1831 In the notes, he proposed the “circumstance-adaptive law” Nearly an identical description as Darwin of Natural Selection

Answer 32

Patrick Matthew

Question 33

Robert Chambers

Answer 33

Publishes vestiges anonymously | presented ideas of new species gradually arising from pre-existing ones

Question 34

Major Developments that Facilitated Darwin’s Book

Answer 34

1. Methodological naturalism from supernatural 2. Uniformatism from Catastrophism 3. From logic and reason to observation, testing and refutation 4. From an unchanging world to an evolving one 5. To the idea of species descended from close relatives and not spontaneous generation

Question 35

2 themes of origin of species

Answer 35

1. Descent with modification - All species (living and extinct) originated from one or a few original forms of life Species split from common ancestor and slowly gained differences 2. Natural Selection - the causal agent

Question 36

" i am convinced that natural selection has been the most important, but not the exclusive means of modification "

Answer 36

darwin

Question 37

principles of population-humans would outstrip the available resources necessary to sustain themselves, leading to population growth that would be checked by famine, war, and disease.Writings were influential in helping Darwin develop his ideas on natural selection

Answer 37

Thomas Mathus

Question 38

transformational - the ensemble changes because each individual member changes.

Answer 38

- Lamark

Question 39

variational process

Answer 39

the ensemble changes because something sorts among the variants in the original ensemble- Darwin ex/ sifter, and artificial selection

Question 40

Darwin’s Five Theories of Evolution

Answer 40

1. Lineages change over time - proposed before, but Darwin marshaled the evidence. 2. Common descent - first to present idea that species shared common ancestors 3. Gradualism - slow change (as opposed to rapid change or saltation) 4. Populational change - proportions of individuals with certain traits change - new to Darwin 5. Natural Selection - adaptations are features that appear “designed” to fit organisms to the environment.

Question 41

Microevolution

Answer 41

- within species

Question 42

Macroevolution

Answer 42

- origin of new species and higher taxa

Question 43

development indicates relationships

Answer 43

ontogeny

Question 44

–the genetic script reveals patterns found in all life

Answer 44

Genomics

Question 45

pioneered studies of genetic variation

Answer 45

•Sergei Chetverikov and Theodosius Dobzhansky -

Question 46

Genetics and the Origin of Species - conveyed ideas to other biologists

Answer 46

•Dobzhansky -