Chapter 9 - Industrial Revolution

Question 1

Why was the Industrial Revolution significant?

Answer 1

It transformed economies from agriculture to industrial, increased production, technological progress, and changed social structures worldwide.

Question 2

What were the differences between the First and Second Industrial Revolutions?

Answer 2

The First (1750-1850) focused on textiles, steam, and iron, steam engine while the Second (1850-1900) introduced steel, electricity, chemicals, fertilizers, and mass production.

Question 3

How was the Industrial Revolution connected to political revolutions?

Answer 3

It fueled new ideologies like socialism and communism, increased demands for political representation, and influenced labor movements.

Question 4

What social and economic changes occurred during the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 4

• Social class structures shifted
• urbanization
• middle classes grew
• economic production moved from homes to factories

Question 5

How did access to natural resources impact industrialization?

Answer 5

Areas rich in coal and iron, like Britain and the U.S., became industrial centers, while resource-poor areas stayed behind

Question 6

Why was the railroad a symbol of the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 6

Relatively cheep transportation, mass movement of products and people, connected industrial centers to markets.

Question 7

How did industrial production transform the English aristocracy?

Answer 7

The aristocracy lost economic dominance as wealth shifted to industrial capitalists/businessmen

Question 8

What was the effect of industrialization on the middle class?

Answer 8

It expanded the middle class, creating new jobs in management, finance, and skilled professions.

Question 9

How did the Industrial Revolution change gender roles?

Answer 9

Women entered factories but were paid less; the middle-class ideal of domesticity confined them to home life.

Question 10

How did the Industrial Revolution affect laboring classes?

Answer 10

It led to harsh working conditions, low wages, child labor

Question 11

What were the consequences of rapid urbanization?

Answer 11

Overcrowding, disease, poor sanitation, pollution, and increased crime.

Question 12

How did industrialization lead to political reforms?

Answer 12

It sparked demands for workers’ rights, suffrage expansions, and social welfare programs.

Question 13

What is the main idea of Karl Marx’s theories?

Answer 13

History is driven by class struggle, and capitalism would be replaced by a classless society.

Question 14

Which classes opposed socialism?

Answer 14

Industrial capitalists and the upper middle class, fearing loss of wealth and power.

Question 15

How did Western European governments respond to Marx’s theories?

Answer 15

Some reformed labor laws to appease workers, while others suppressed socialist movements.

(Reforms such as - increased wages, voting rights (for men), abolishment of child labor, regulation of factory conditions, mandatory school for children)

Question 16

What migration patterns did the Industrial Revolution initiate?

Answer 16

Europeans moved to cities and millions emigrated to the Americas and elsewhere for jobs and land.

Question 17

Why did Europeans migrate to other parts of the world?

Answer 17

Migrating to: Economic opportunities, land availability
Migrated from: political unrest, overpopulation of cities, famine.

Question 18

What are examples of state-sponsored industrialization?

Answer 18

Russia’s state-driven railroads and Japan’s Meiji Restoration industrial policies.

Question 19

Examples of non-state-sponsored industrialization

Answer 19

In Britain and the U.S., private entrepreneurs and investors drove industrial growth.

Question 20

Difference between U.S. and Russia’s industrialization?

Answer 20

The U.S. had a capitalist democracy that encouraged private enterprise, while Russia’s autocracy led to state-driven industrialization.

Question 21

How were industrial outcomes similar in Europe, the U.S., Russia, and Japan?

Answer 21

All saw urbanization, social change, class tensions, and political reform.

Question 22

How did industrialization differ in the U.S. and Russia?

Answer 22

The U.S. relied on private business and innovation, while Russia depended on government initiatives.

Question 23

What advantages did Europe and the U.S. have in industrialization?

Answer 23

Access to capital, political stability (relatively), abundant natural resources, and large labor forces.

Question 24

Why did Marxist socialism not develop in the U.S.?

Answer 24

Higher wages, homeownership, ethnic diversity, and lack of a rigid class system.

Question 25

What factors contributed to revolution in Russia?

Answer 25

Industrial hardships, poor working conditions, class inequalities, and political oppression.

Question 26

Which empires expanded due to industrialization?

Answer 26

Britain and the U.S. expanded their global influence through economic and military strength.

Question 27

Which empires collapsed due to industrialization?

Answer 27

The Ottoman and Qing dynasties (China)

Question 28

What process led Latin America to increased global economic connections?

Answer 28

The **export boom of raw materials** like coffee, rubber, and sugar.

Question 29

How did industrial production shift in Latin America compared to Europe?

Answer 29

Latin America focused on raw material exports, while Europe developed manufacturing industries.

Question 30

How were social changes in Latin America similar to or different from Europe?

Answer 30

Both saw urbanization and class shifts, but Latin America retained more rigid racial and class divisions.

Question 31

How did the Mexican Revolution compare to earlier revolutions?

Answer 31

It had both political and social elements, seeking **land reform** and worker rights.

Question 32

What was the role of women in the Mexican Revolution vs. the French Revolution?

Answer 32

Mexican women fought as soldiers (soldaderas), while French women pushed for political rights.

Question 33

What is the concept of dependent development?

Answer 33

Latin America’s economy depended on **foreign investment** rather than domestic industrial growth.

Question 34

What was the “ideology of domesticity”?

Answer 34

It **idealized women as homemakers**, reinforcing gender roles in the middle class.

Question 35

What was progressivism?

Answer 35

A movement in the U.S. advocating for labor rights, social justice, and economic reforms.

Question 36

Who were the caudillos?

Answer 36

Military strongmen who ruled parts of Latin America after independence.

Question 37

How did railroads impact Latin America’s economy?

Answer 37

They connected mines and plantations to ports, increasing trade efficiency.

Question 38

How did industrialization shape global migration patterns?

Answer 38

It drove millions to migrate for work, especially from Europe to the Americas.

Question 39

How did the Industrial Revolution set the stage for future conflicts?

Answer 39

Economic rivalries, resource competition, and labor unrest contributed to global tensions.

Question 40

How were industrial outcomes different in Russia and Japan?

Answer 40

**Russia:** Industrialization state-sponsored - focusing on heavy industries like railroads and steel. - Harsh working conditions and lack of political reforms led to worker unrest, contributing to the **Russian Revolution in 1917** **Japan** Industrialization state-sponsored (Meiji Restoration) - modernized infrastructure, education, and industry - successfully blending Western technology with traditional social structures (no major social unrest or revolution, allowing Japan to become a major industrial power)