Chapter 9 Lifespan Development Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
What does lifespan development study?
A
Studies how you change as well as how you remain the same over the course of your life
2
Q
What are the 3 domains of lifelong/lifespan development?
A
- physical development
- cognitive development
- psychosocial development
3
Q
What does physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development consist of?
A
- physical –> growth and changes in the body and brain, senses, motor skills, and health and wellness
- cognitive –> learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
- psychosocial –> emotions, personality, and social relationships
4
Q
What is normal development?
A
Norms or the average ages of when most children reach specific developmental milestones
5
Q
What is continuous development?
A
Views development as a cumulative process, gradually improving or existing skills
6
Q
What is discontinuous development?
A
views development as occurring in unique stages
7
Q
What is the evidence that development is universal for all children?
A
children from around the world reach language milestones in similar sequences
8
Q
What is the evidence that development is individual for all children?
A
cultural differences in child care practices
9
Q
What is nature?
A
biology and genetics
10
Q
What is nuture?
A
environment and culture
11
Q
What are the 4 theories of development?
A
- psychosexual theory
- psychosocial theory
- cognitive theory
- theory of moral development
12
Q
Who believed that childhood experiences shape our personalities and behaviors as adults; and viewed development as discontinuous?
A
Sigmund Freud
13
Q
Who developed the psychosexual development theory?
A
Sigmund Freud
14
Q
What are the 5 stages of the psychosexual development?
A
- oral
- anal
- phallic
- latency
- genital
15
Q
Who developed the psychosocial theory?
A
Erik Erikson
16
Q
What did Erik Erikson emphasize in psychosocial theory?
A
- Personality development takes place across the lifespan not just in childhood
- believes that social interactions affect our sense of self (ego identity)
17
Q
What are the 8 stages of Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development?
A
- trust vs mistrust (0-1 years)
- autonomy vs shame/doubt (1-3 years)
- initiative vs guilt (3-6 years)
- industry vs inferiority (7-11 years)
- identity vs confusion (12-18 years)
- intimacy vs isolation (19-29 years)
- generativity vs stagnation (30-64 years)
- integrity vs despair (65+)
18
Q
What is trust vs mistrust?
A
trust/mistrust that basic needs such as nourishment and affection will be met
19
Q
What is autonomy vs shame/doubt?
A
develop a sense of independence in many tasks
20
Q
What is initiative vs guilt?
A
take initiative on some activities - may develop guilt when unsuccessful or boundaries overstepped
21
Q
What is industry vs inferiority?
A
develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not
22
Q
What is identity vs confusion?
A
experiment with and develop identity and roles
23
Q
What is intimacy vs isolation?
A
establish intimacy and relationships with others
24
Q
What is generativity vs stagnation?
A
contribute to society and be part of a family
25
What is integrity vs despair?
assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions
26
Who developed the cognitive theory?
Piaget
27
What did Piaget focus on for the cognitive theory?
Focused on children's cognitive growth and theorized that cognitive abilities develop thru specific stages
28
What did Piaget believe children developed?
Believed they developed schemata (concepts used to categorize and interpret info) to help them understand the world
29
What is assimilation?
incorporates info into existing schemata
30
What is accomodation?
changes schemata based on new info
31
What are the 4 stages of Piaget's Cognitive Development?
1. Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
2. Preoperational (2-6 years)
3. Concrete operational (7-11 years)
4. Formal operational (12+)
32
What is the sensorimotor stage?
world experienced thru actions and senses such as having stranger anxiety
33
What is the preoperational stage?
Using words and images to represent things but lack logical reasoning such as pretend play
34
What is the concrete operational stage?
understanding concrete events and analogies logically; performs arithmetical operations such as mathematical transformations
35
What is the formal operational stage?
formal operations; utilize abstract reasoning such as moral reasoning
36
Who is associated with the theory of moral development?
Lawrence Kohlberg
37
What is the theory of moral development?
Learning to discern right from wrong
38
What are the 3 stages of moral development?
1. pre-conventional morality
2. conventional morality
3. post-conventional morality
39
What are the 5 stages of development?
1. prenatal
2. infancy thru childhood
3. adolescence
4. emerging adulthood
5. adulthood
40
What are the 3 stages of the prenatal development?
1. germinal stage (weeks 1-2)
2. embryonic stage (weeks 3-8)
3. fetal stage (weeks 9-40)
41
What happens during the germinal stage?
conception occurs when sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote (one-cell structure)
42
What is mitosis?
Process of cell division
43
What happens during the embryonic stage?
Zygote becomes an embryo and organs begin to function
44
What is the placenta?
Structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the embryo via the umbilical cord
45
What happens during the fetal stage?
Baby's brain develops and body increase in weight and size until full term
46
What is a teratogen?
Any environmental agent (biological, chemical, or physical) that causes damage to the developing embryo/fetus.
47
What are 3 examples of a teratogen?
- alcohol
- smoking
- drugs
48
What are the physical consequences of fetal-alcohol syndrome?
- small head size
- abnormal facial features
49
What are the cognitive consequences of fetal-alcohol syndrome? (5)
- poor judgement
- poor impulse control
- higher rates of ADHD
- learning issues
- lower IQ scores
50
What are newborn reflexs?
inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation (help the newborn survive)
51
What are rooting reflex?
baby turns its head towards something that touches its cheek
52
What are sucking reflex?
Suck on objects placed by the mouth
53
What is the grasping reflex?
Cling to objects placed in hands
54
What is the moro reflex?
baby spreads arms and pulls them back in when they're startled/feel like they're falling
55
When does physical growth slow down?
Around ages 4-6
56
When does girls have a growth spurt?
Around ages 8/9-12
57
What is the blooming period?
Neural pathways form thousands of new connections during infancy and toddlerhood
58
What is the pruning period?
Neural connections are reduced during childhood and adolescence to allow the brain to function more efficiently
59
What are fine motor skills?
focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions
60
What are gross motor skills?
focus on large muscle groups that control arms and legs and involve larger movements (running)
61
What happens b/w 6-9 months?
babies can shake their head "no"
62
What happens b/w 9-12 months?
babies can responds to verbal requests (wave bye-bye)
63
What happens b/w 8 months?
babies can understand object permanence
64
What can toddlers do?
understand that if someone leaves, they'll come back; knows where to look for things
65
What happens b/w 3-5 years?
- learns to count
- name colors
- know their name/age
- understand basic concepts
66
What happens b/w 6-11 years?
thinking becomes more logical and organized, understand past, present, and future, come up with goals, basic math skills, etc.
67
What is attachment?
a long standing connection or bond with others
68
Who were the 3 people were helped with psychosocial development?
- Harry Harlow
- John Bowlby
- Mary Ainsworth
69
How did Harry Harlow contribute to psychosocial development?
The monkey experiment with wire mesh and cloth
- Suggested that feelings of comfort and security are the critical components to maternal-infant bonding
70
How did John Bowlby contribute to psychosocial development?
Defined attachment as the affectional bond/tie that an infant forms with the mother
- saw attachment as an all-or-nothing process
71
What is a secure base?
parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings
72
What are the 2 requirements for a healthy attachment?
1. caregiver must be responsive to the child's needs
2. caregiver and child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions
73
How did Mary Ainsworth contribute to psychosocial development?
Did the procedure known as the Strange Situation
74
What is the strange situation?
1. Mother (caregiver) and infant are placed in a room together with toys
2. Stranger enters the room and mother leaves
3. After a few minutes, mother returns to the room to comfort the child
75
What are the 4 attachment styles?
1. secure
2. avoidant
3. resistant
4. disorganized
76
What is secure attachment?
child uses the parent as a secure base from which to explore
77
What is avoidant attachment?
unresponsive to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves.
78
What is resistant attachment?
shows clingy behavior, but then reject mothers attempt to interact with them
79
What is disorganized attachment?
shows odd behavior around caregiver
80
What is self-concept/self-awareness?
development of a positive sense of self
81
What can babies do by 18 months?
recognize themselves in the mirror
82
What can babies do b/w 24-46 months?
recognize themselves in a photo
83
B/w the ages of 2-4, what do children do?
- Play with other children
- understand gender roles
84
At the age of 4, what do children do?
- can cooperate and share
- can initiate tasks and carry out plans
85
At the age of 6, what do children do?
can identify themselves in terms of group membership
86
What are the 4 types of parenting styles?
1. authoritative
2. authoritarian
3. permissive
4. uninvolved
87
What is the authoritative style?
parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, while still meeting the children needs
88
What is the authoritarian style?
parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child
89
What is the permissive style?
parents make few demands and rarely use punishment
90
What is the uninvolved style?
parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful
91
What is temperament?
innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaviors, and reacts with the environment
92
What is easy temperament?
positive emotions, adapt well to change, and capable of regulating emotions
93
What is a difficult temperament?
negative emotions, difficulty adapting to change and regulating emotions
94
Adrenarche
maturing of the adrenal glands
95
Gonadarche
maturing of the sex glands
96
Menarche
beginning of the menstrual periods
97
Spermarche
first ejaculation
98
Cognitive empathy (theory of mind)
ability to take the perspective of others and feel concern for others
99
When is early adulthood
20s-40s
100
when is middle adulthood
40s-60s
101
when is late adulthood
60s+
102
Crystalized intelligence
information, skills, and strategies that remains steady or improves
103
Fluid intelligence
information, skills, and strategies that begins to decline
104
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
as we get older, our social support/friendships dwindle in number but remains just as close if not more than in earlier years
105
What are the 5 stages of grief according to Elizabeth Kubler-Ross?
1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance
