Chapter 10 Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal

Question 2

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 2

Internal factors/behaviors that are performed due to a sense of personal satisfaction

Question 3

What is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 3

External factors/behaviors that are performed in order to receive something from others

Question 4

Overjustification Effect

Answer 4

Intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given

Example: When a hobby becomes a job so we no longer find joy in it

Question 5

What did William James propose?

Answer 5

Proposed the instinct theory of motivation

Question 6

What is the instinct theory of motivation?

Answer 6

Asserts that behavior is driven by instincts (which aid survival)

Question 7

What is the drive theory of motivation?

Answer 7

Proposes that the maintenance of homeostasis is important in directing behavior

• emphasized the role that habits play in behavioral responses

Question 8

What is the arousal theory of motivation?

Answer 8

Asserts that there is an optimal level of arousal that we all try to maintain.

Question 9

Underaroused?

Answer 9

Becomes bored, seek stimulation

Question 10

Overaroused?

Answer 10

Engage in behaviors to reduce arousal

Question 11

What is Yerkes-Dodson Law?

Answer 11

Task performance is best when arousal levels are in a middle/moderate range, w/ difficult tasks best performed under lower levels of arousal and simple tasks best performed under higher levels of arousal

Question 12

Self-efficacy?

Answer 12

An individual’s belief in her own capability to complete a task

Question 13

What did Bandura theorize?

Answer 13

Theorized that self-efficacy plays a role in motivating behavior.

• derives from expectations held abt the consequences of behaviors

Question 14

What does the need for achievement do?

Answer 14

drives accomplishment and performance

Question 15

What does the need for affiliation do?

Answer 15

encourages positive interactions with others

Question 16

What does the need for intimacy do?

Answer 16

causes us to seek deep, meaningful relationships

Question 17

What did Abraham Maslow propose?

Answer 17

Proposed a theory of motivation that spans the spectrum of motives such as biological, social, and individual

• the hierarchy of needs

Question 18

What is the breakdown of the hierarchy of needs from bottom to top.

Answer 18

1. physiological - food, water, shelter, warmth
2. security - safety, employment, assets.
3. social - family, friendship, intimacy, belonging
4. esteem - self worth, accomplishment, confidence
5. self actualization - inner fulfillment

Question 19

Satiation?

Answer 19

Feeling of fullness and satisfaction causing eating behavior to stop

Question 20

What are some factors that affects body weight?

Answer 20

1. gene-environment interactions
2. calories consumed vs calories burned
3. metabolic rate

Question 21

Metabolic rate?

Answer 21

amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time

Question 22

What is the set point theory?

Answer 22

Each individual has an ideal body weight/set point, which is resistant to change.

Question 23

What are the risks and behaviors of bulimia nervosa?

Answer 23

Compensation - vomiting, laxatives, excessive exercise

Health consequences - kidney failure, heart failure, and tooth decay

Psychological Problems - depression, anxiety, increased risk for substance abuse

Question 24

What are the risks and behaviors of anorexia nervosa?

Answer 24

Body image - distorted view

Health consequences - includes bone loss, heart failure, kidney failure, amenorrhea, reduced function of gonadas, death

Psychological problem - anxiety disorder, mood disorder, substance abuse

Question 25

What part of the brain plays an important role in behavior and sex?

Answer 25

Hypothalamus

Question 26

What is the amygdala and nucleus accumbens role in sexual behavior?

Answer 26

Involved in motivating sexual behavior but doesnt affect the ability to engage in it

Question 27

Kinsey Scale?

Answer 27

scale used to categorize an individual's sexual orientation

Question 28

What is the sexual response cycle?

Answer 28

1. Excitement - arousal phase (erection, lubrication) 2. Plateau - increased swelling and blood flow to the labia minora, pre-ejacualtory fluid 3. Orgasm - rhythmic contractions, ejaculation 4. Resolution - return to unaroused state

Question 29

Sexual orientation?

Answer 29

Emotional and erotic attraction toward another individual

Question 30

Gender identity?

Answer 30

one's sense of being male or female

Question 31

Gender dysphoria?

Answer 31

diagnosis describing individuals who do not identify as the gender that most people would assume they are

Question 32

Transgender hormone therapy?

Answer 32

Use of hormones to make one's body look more like the opposite sex

Question 33

Mood vs Emotion

Answer 33

Prolonged, less intense vs relatively intense, and intentional

Question 34

What is the James-Lange Theory?

Answer 34

emotions arise from physiological arousal example: see snake --> heart and respiration rate increase (physiological arousal) --> feeling of fear

Question 35

What is the Cannon-Bard Theory?

Answer 35

physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently example: see snake --> physiological arousal and feel fear (happens independently of each other )

Question 36

What is the Schacter-Singer Two-factor theory?

Answer 36

Emotions are composed of two factors: physiological and cognitive Physiological arousal is interpreted in context leading to the emotional experience Example: see snake --> physiological arousal and cognitive assessment of situation labels arousal as fear --> experience fear

Question 37

What is the Lazarus' Cognitive-Mediational theory?

Answer 37

Emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus -appraisal happens before the labeling/stimulus

Question 38

How does the hypothalamus mediate emotional responses and memory?

Answer 38

involved in activation of the sympathetic nervous system (for emotional reaction)

Question 39

How does the thalamus mediate emotional responses and memory?

Answer 39

sensory relay center, neurons project to both the amygdala and higher cortical regions for further processing

Question 40

How does the amygdala mediate emotional responses and memory?

Answer 40

plays a role in processing emotional information and sending it on to cortical structures

Question 41

How does the hippocampus mediate emotional responses and memory?

Answer 41

integrates emotional experience with cognition

Question 42

What is the cultural display rule?

Answer 42

culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable

Question 43

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

Answer 43

facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions

Question 44

What is the timeline of emotional stimulus and emotional experience?

Answer 44

emotional stimulus --> facial expression --> physiological arousal --> emotional experience