chapter 9 memory and thinking

Question 1

what is effortul processing

Answer 1

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 2

examples of effortul processing

Answer 2

Rehearsal/Repetition (Ebbinghaus)

Spacing Effect

Next-in-line-Effect

Serial Position Effect (Primacy-Recency)

Question 3

Spacing Effect:

Answer 3

We retain information better when we rehearse over time.

Question 4

Next-in-line-Effect:

Answer 4

When you are so anxious about being next that you cannot remember what the person just before you in line says, but you can recall what other people around you say.

Question 5

serial Position Effect:

Answer 5

When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items. This is also referred to as the Primacy-Recency Effect.

Question 6

Rehearsal

Answer 6

Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition.

Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ

Question 7

Automatic Processing

Answer 7

Unconscious encoding of incidental information

Question 8

examples of autonomic processing

Answer 8

space

Time

Frequency

Question 9

Space

Answer 9

: While reading a textbook, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page.

Question 10

Time:

Answer 10

We unintentionally note the events that take place in a day.

Question 11

Frequency:

Answer 11

You effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you.

Question 12

what three things do we encode?

Answer 12

meaning
organization
imagery

Question 13

examples of Meaning encoding

Answer 13

Semantic (Details)
Visual (Better Than Auditory w/pronunciation)
Self-Reference Effect
Depth of Processing (Craik,Tulving,& Lockhart)

Question 14

Semantic (Details)

Answer 14

Semantic encoding with pictures. The small person in the phone booth playing a trombone.

Question 15

Self-Reference Effect

Answer 15

We encode (and thus recall) information 
      that relates to us personally.

Question 16

Visual vs. Auditory Information

Answer 16

• Encoding imagery aids effortful processing because vivid images are very memorable. We tend to remember concrete nouns better than abstract nouns.

Question 17

Visual Encoding

Answer 17

Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

Question 18

examples of Organization encoding

Answer 18

Chunking

Clustering

Question 19

chuncking

Answer 19

Organizing items into a familiar, manageable unit. Try to remember the numbers below

Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it.

Question 20

examples of Imagery encoding

Answer 20

Mnemonic Devices
Method of Loci
Link Method

Question 21

Mnemonics

Answer 21

A tool to help remember facts or a large
amount of information. It can be a song,
rhyme, acronym, image or phrase to help
remember a list of facts in a certain order.

Question 22

Method of Loci

Answer 22

(Connecting Items to Locations)

Charcoal… backyard
Pens…..study
Bed Sheets….. bedroom
Hammer….. garage

Question 23

Link Method

Answer 23

Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together.

Question 24

Sensory Memories (Sperling) time

Answer 24

The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses.

Iconic (eyes)
0.5 sec. long

Echoic (ears)
3-4 sec. long

Hepatic (touch)
< 1 sec. long

Question 25

Working Memory

Answer 25

Working memory, the new name for short-term memory, has a limited capacity (7±2) and a short duration (20 seconds).

Question 26

Amnesia

Answer 26

The inability to learn new information or retrieve information that has already been stored in memory.

Question 27

Anterograde –

Answer 27

is the failure to store | memories after a trauma.

Question 28

Retrograde –

Answer 28

is the failure to recall memories that | have been stored before a trauma.

Question 29

Korsakoff’s Syndrome –

Answer 29

amnesia caused by the misuse | of alcohol.

Question 30

Duration

Answer 30

Brown/Peterson and Peterson (1958/1959) measured the duration of working memory by manipulating rehearsal. The duration of the working memory is about 20 sec.

Question 31

Long-Term Memory

Answer 31

Unlimited capacity store. Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1,000,000 billion bits of information (Landauer, 1986).

Question 32

Episodic

Answer 32

Stores our ability to recall specific incidents from our past. Sometimes referred to as declarative memory or explicit memory (facts and experiences). Processed by the hippocampus – think about the Clive Wearing story

Question 33

Semantic | longterm storage bank

Answer 33

Network of associations and concepts that make-up our general knowledge of the world. Ex: Language

Question 34

Procedural (Skill)

Answer 34

Enables us to learn/do specific skills. Sometimes referred to as implicit memory. Processed by the cerebellum.

Question 35

Retrieval:

Answer 35

Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store.

Question 36

Recall

Answer 36

person muyst retrieve information using effort. | ex. essay

Question 37

Recognition

Answer 37

Person must identify an item amongst other choices ex. multiple choice

Question 38

Retrieval Idea #2 – Associations

Answer 38

Memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory.

Question 39

Retrieval Idea #3 - Priming

Answer 39

To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations, you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it. This process is called priming.

Question 40

Retrieval Idea #4 - Context

Answer 40

Scuba divers recall more words underwater if they learned the list underwater, while they recall more words on land if they learned that list on land (Godden & Baddeley, 1975).

Question 41

Retrieval Idea #7 - | Mood Congruent Theory

Answer 41

We usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood. Emotions, or moods, serve as retrieval cues.

Question 42

Retrieval Idea #8 | State-Dependent Theory

Answer 42

We have an increased chance of recalling information if we are in the same state that we encoded it.

Question 43

Retrieval Idea #9 - Experience

Answer 43

As people develop expertise in an area, central concepts become increasingly elaborated, organized, and interconnected.

Question 44

Storage Decay

Answer 44

Poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay. Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve.

Question 45

Proactive

Answer 45

– disruptive information of prior learning on the recall of new information.

Question 46

Retroactive

Answer 46

– disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

Question 47

Memory Construction scientist

Answer 47

Elizabeth Loftus is the key researcher in the field of memory construction.

Question 48

Misinformation Effect

Answer 48

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.

Question 49

what is memory Construction

Answer 49

While tapping our memories, we filter or fill in missing pieces of information to make our recall more coherent.

Question 50

Source Amnesia

Answer 50

Attributing an event to the wrong source that we experienced, heard, read, or imagined (misattribution).

Question 51

Information Processing

Answer 51

The Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes a) sensory memory, b) short-term memory, and c) long-term memory.

Question 52

False Memory Syndrome

Answer 52

A condition in which a person’s identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of a traumatic experience, which is sometimes induced by well-meaning therapists.

Question 53

Constructed Memories

Answer 53

Loftus’ research shows that if false memories (lost at the mall or drowned in a lake) are implanted in individuals, they construct (fabricate) their memories.

Question 54

rote

Answer 54

memorization by repitition

Question 55

displacement

Answer 55

defense mechanism in which unwanted feelings are directed towards a different object

Question 56

flashbulb memory

Answer 56

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 57

eidetic memory

Answer 57

Photographic Memory