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Chapter 9 Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any part, organ, or system (or combination) of the body

A

disease

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2
Q

What causes disease?

A

microorganisms

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3
Q

Disease can cause an absence of _____

A

health

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4
Q

Healthcare practitioners must have an understanding of what infectious diseases are and ________

A

how they are spread and how they are controlled

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5
Q

An establishment and growth of a microorganism on or in a host, resulting in injury to the host

A

infection

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6
Q

What causes an infection?

A

pathogenic organism

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7
Q

What are the 3 functions of pathogens?

A

-multiply and cause obstructions
-cause tissue damage
-secrete organic substances called exotoxins

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8
Q

Exotoxins cause _____

A

side effects

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9
Q

What are the 6 microorganisms?

A

bacteria, Ricketts, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa

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10
Q

A small/microscopic single-celled organisms that have cell walls and an atypical nucleus but lack a membrane. They also occur in various shapes and groupings.

A

bacteria

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11
Q

How are bacteria classified?

A

gram stain and acid process

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12
Q

Bacterial forms that are resistant and remain viable for many years:

A

endospores

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13
Q

What are other examples of bacteria?

A

staph, bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, food poisoning, and salmonella

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14
Q

These lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles:

A

Prokaryotes

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15
Q

Bacteria reside in host as a group or cluster is called?

A

a colony

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16
Q

What are bacteria classified as when using the gram staining method?

A

cocci, bacilli, (spheres, rods, and spirals)

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17
Q

Atypical bacteria that grows inside animal cells (particularly rodents) and are transmitted by insect vectors:

A

ricketts

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18
Q

What are examples of Ricketts?

A

rocky mountain spotted fever and typhus fever

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19
Q

These small sub cellular organisms consist of genetic material protected by a protein coating called a capsid:

A

viruses

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20
Q

Why can’t viruses survive without a host?

A

they lack components for their own survival

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21
Q

What are examples of viruses?

A

COVID-19, influenza, common cold, HIV, hepatitis, and herpes

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22
Q

What do viruses do to multiply?

A

they carry their own DNA or RNA and viral particles (visions), attach to the host cell, and insert its own genetic information. It then redirects host cell to produce new viruses

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23
Q

How do you directly observe a virus?

A

through an electron microscope

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24
Q

Viruses may lie dormant for extended periods of time and then manifest illness but are also unaffected by _______

A

antibiotics

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25
These can occur as single-celled organisms called yeast and form buds to reproduce. They can also occur as long branched filament-like structures called mold and form spores to reproduce:
fungi
26
How many different type of fungi are there?
over 100,000
27
Fungi a key in production of ________
alcohol, breads, and penicillin (PCN)
28
Fungi are very opportunistic ______
infections
29
This medically important fungi grows into a single-celled yeast and into filamentous hyphae, known as mold:
dimorphic fungi
30
Fungi causes things like ________
athlete's foot and ringworm
31
This has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles:
Eukaryotic (eukaryotes)
32
The size of fungi, compared to bacteria are ______
much larger
33
What are diseases caused by fungi classified as?
-superficial: causes discoloration of the skin -cutaneous: involve the keratinized tissue of the hair, nails, and skin -subcutaneous: infection that enters host due to trauma to the skin -systemic: that enters the circulatory and lymphatic systems and may be fatal
34
These are the smallest and least understood microorganism. Method of replication is not understood
prions
35
When were prions discovered?
1983
36
Prions are believed to be infectious ________
proteins
37
Prions can transform other proteins into prions but have no _______
DNA or RNA
38
What are examples of prions?
spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) and Alzheimer's
39
These complex single-celled animals generally exist in free-living organisms and are larger than bacteria:
protozoa
40
Protozoa, like fungi have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles meaning they are:
eukaryotic
41
Protozoa are equipped with a digestive system, therefore can _______
digest food particles
42
Some protozoa are _______ and live within the human body
parasitic
43
Where can protozoa cause a disease process in?
-digestive system -respiratory system -genitourinary -circulatory system
44
Protozoa are classified as:
-motile (moving) -non-motile (non-moving)
45
What is the cycle of infection?
-infectious organisms -reservoir of infection -portal of exist -susceptible host -portal of entry -transmission of disease
46
Infectious organisms are microorganisms capable of causing disease and are called:
pathogens or pathogenic organisms
47
This distinguish pathogens from nonpathogenic organisms and normal flora:
virulence factors
48
Who are often hosts because of a reduced immune system?
patients
49
What is a nosocomial infection?
hospital-acquired infection
50
The route by which microorganisms gain access into the susceptible host:
portal of entry
51
What are examples of portal of entry?
respiratory tract, urinary tract, GI (gastrointestinal) tract, open wound or break in skin, bloodstream, and mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and skin.
52
This is a place where pathogens can thrive in sufficient numbers to pose a threat to the host:
reservoir of infection
53
What must a reservoir of infection have in order for pathogens to thrive?
moisture, nutrients, and sustainable temperature
54
Reservoir of infection can be:
human or non human (ex: food, water, animals)
55
This is any route through which blood, body fluids, excretions, or secretions leave the body:
portal of exit
56
What are examples of portal of exit?
GI tract, open wound, respiratory tract, infected wound, bloodstream
57
patients are often hosts because of reduced immune system and are considered:
susceptible host
58
Healthcare workers are also at risk for being susceptible hosts because:
-exposure to blood and other bodily fluids -can also spread a disease (important to practice hand-washing) -occupationally acquired
59
Explain transmission of disease and its importance in the cycle of infection
the most direct way to break the cycle of infection is to prevent transmission of the infectious organism from the reservoir to the susceptible host
60
What are the 6 main routes of transmission?
-direct contact -fomites -vectors -vehicles -airborne -droplet contamination
61
An arthropod in whose body an infectious organism develops or multiples before becoming infective to a new host:
vectors
62
How does vector transmission occur?
when an infected insect bites host
63
Examples of vectors?
-mosquitos (malaria) -ticks (lyme disease)
64
Infected person must touch susceptible host. Requires pathogens to be placed in ______ with susceptible tissue
direct contact
65
Examples of Direct Contact:
HIV, staph infection, syphilis
66
Any medium that transports microorganisms:
vehicles
67
Examples of vehicles:
contaminated food, water, drugs, and blood
68
An object that has been in contact with pathogenic organisms:
fomites
69
Examples of fomites:
contaminated gloves, x-ray table, positioning sponges, and pens
70
Occurs when an infectious individual coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings in the vicinity of a susceptible host. Also involves contact of the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth of a host with large droplets that contain microorganisms:
droplet contamination
71
Examples of droplet contamination:
influenza, meningitis, diphtheria, streptococcal pneumonia
72
droplets _____ travel far
does not
73
Occurs from dust that contains spores or by means of droplet nuclei. They travel 3 feet or less and can remain suspended in the air for long periods. Can be inhaled:
airborne
74
Particles of evaporated containing microorganisms:
droplet nuclei
75
What are the body's defense against infection?
-natural resistance -acquired immunity (long-term) -passive immunity (short-term)
76
Provided by mechanical barriers of intact skin:
natural resistance
77
Mucosal membranes:
-respiratory tract: cilia (small hairs) that trap foreign particles -urinary tract: has outward flow -gastrointestinal tract: secrete mucus which in turn catches microorganisms and takes them out of the body -reproductive tract: mucus and tram microorganisms and flushes them from the body -tears: contain the chemical lysozyme -stomach: contains acid which helps destroy organisms -phagocytosis: basically, the second line of defense, the foreign cell enters, and white blood cells come to the side and try to destroy it (ex: pimple)
78
What type of immunity are we born with?
acquired immunity
79
Antigens:
the body sees a foreign protein dn forms antibodies
80
Occurs when an individual develops antibodies to a particular organism as a result of either infection or immunization:
acquired immunity (ex: chicken pox & measles)
81
Occurs when following an infection or performed antibodies to a particular infection:
passive immunity (ex: infections after exposure to a virus like Hepatitis A)
82
Newborns are temporarily immune because ______
the antibodies are passed from mother to baby
83
If a baby is breastfed the antibodies ______
pass from mother to baby

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