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Neuroscience > chapter eight > Flashcards

chapter eight Flashcards

1
Q

detection of environmental chemicals

A

chemoreceptors

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2
Q

gustation

A

taste-tastant

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3
Q

olfaction

A

smell-odorant

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4
Q

what are the five basic tastes

A

salty, sour, sweet, bitter, unami

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5
Q

papillae contain ____ ____

A

taste buds

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6
Q

taste cells turn tastant into _____ , info to brain via gustatory axons

A

electricy

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7
Q

papillae types

A

foliate (ridges), vallate (pimples), fungiform (mushrooms)

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8
Q

each person has how many taste receptor cells

A

50-150

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9
Q

process of converting environmental stimulus into the language of the brain

A

transduction

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10
Q

transduction must have ______ level of activation

A

threshold

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11
Q

which tastants pas directly through ion channels

A

salt and sour

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12
Q

which tastants bind to and block ion channels

A

sour

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13
Q

which tastants bind to G-protein coupled receptors

A

sweet, bitter, and umami

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14
Q

special ____ channels sense salt ( Na and Ca flow into cell and trigger 5-HT)

A

sodium

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15
Q

voltage gated channels open in response to _____ and ______, which causes _____ and _____ to flow into the cell, triggering which neurotransmitter

A

salt and sour, calcium and sodium, 5-HT

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16
Q

what taste generates H+ ions, which can bind to and block potassium (Na + and Ca enter the cell, triggering 5-HT release)

A

sour

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17
Q

taste cells only express only one class of taste receptor protein, what are the two receptor proteins

A

T1R or T2R

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18
Q

which three tastants activate g protein coupled taste receptor

A

bitter, sweet, umami

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19
Q

synapses of all taste axons

A

gustatory nucleus

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20
Q

what are the umami taste receptors

A

T1R1 and T1R3

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21
Q

what are sweet taste receptors

A

T1R2 and T1R3

22
Q

what are the bitterness, poison detectors

A

T2R receptors

23
Q

conscious experience of taste

A

gustation

24
Q

regions important to control of feeding and digestion

A

medulla, hypothalamus , and basal telencephalon

25
Q

loss of taste perception

A

ageusia

26
Q

1:1 relationship taste cell to neuron

A

labeled line hypothesis

27
Q

specific group of neurons respond to tastants

A

population coding

28
Q

circuitry of gustatory (taste) system

A

gustatory axon to gustatory nucleus to thalamus (VPN) to gustatory cortex

29
Q

______ involves the combination of taste and smell

A

flavor

30
Q

one or two dominant alleles for the TAS2R28 codes for what

A

supertasters

31
Q

___ ____ following taste cell activation

A

voltage shift

32
Q

_____ release triggers ATP release to activate gustatory axon

A

calcium

33
Q

which two tastes release 5-HT to the gustatory afferent axon after calcium release

A

salty

34
Q

site of transduction and replaces every 4-8 weeks

A

olfactory receptor cells

35
Q

similar to glia; help produce mucous

A

supporting cells

36
Q

source of new receptor cells

A

basal cells

37
Q

thin bone that small clusters of axons pass through en route to olfactory bulb

A

cribiform plate

38
Q

signal mechanism via GPCR (olfactory) ends in membrane depolarization

A

increases cAMP, influx of Na & Ca, Cl- efflux

39
Q

_______ structure affects what odorants bind

A

receptor

40
Q

response ___ in any zone indicated what odorant is present

A

pattern

41
Q

_______ are receptor specific; receives input only from receptor cells expressing the same receptor protein
(olfactory)

A

glomeruli

42
Q

glomeruli coordinate information by ____

A

odor

43
Q

the neocortex is reached by a pathway that first synapses in the ___ ____ _____ of the thalamus
(olfactory)

A

medial dorsal nucleus

44
Q

one branch directly synapses in the
___ ____

A

olfactory cortex

45
Q

each odor is coded by the activity of a _______ of neurons (olfactory population coding)

A

population

46
Q

neurons responsive to a specific odor can be organized into ____ _____

A

spatial maps

47
Q

action potential _____ represents the code for specific odors (temporal coding)

A

timing

48
Q

loss of smell

A

anosmia

49
Q

vomeronasal organ is a _____ detector

A

pheromone

50
Q

humans have no _____ that detects pheromone

A

VGO

Neuroscience (11 decks)

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