chapter eight

Question 1

detection of environmental chemicals

Answer 1

chemoreceptors

Question 2

gustation

Answer 2

taste-tastant

Question 3

olfaction

Answer 3

smell-odorant

Question 4

what are the five basic tastes

Answer 4

salty, sour, sweet, bitter, unami

Question 5

papillae contain ____ ____

Answer 5

taste buds

Question 6

taste cells turn tastant into _____ , info to brain via gustatory axons

Answer 6

electricy

Question 7

papillae types

Answer 7

foliate (ridges), vallate (pimples), fungiform (mushrooms)

Question 8

each person has how many taste receptor cells

Answer 8

50-150

Question 9

process of converting environmental stimulus into the language of the brain

Answer 9

transduction

Question 10

transduction must have ______ level of activation

Answer 10

threshold

Question 11

which tastants pas directly through ion channels

Answer 11

salt and sour

Question 12

which tastants bind to and block ion channels

Answer 12

sour

Question 13

which tastants bind to G-protein coupled receptors

Answer 13

sweet, bitter, and umami

Question 14

special ____ channels sense salt ( Na and Ca flow into cell and trigger 5-HT)

Answer 14

sodium

Question 15

voltage gated channels open in response to _____ and ______, which causes _____ and _____ to flow into the cell, triggering which neurotransmitter

Answer 15

salt and sour, calcium and sodium, 5-HT

Question 16

what taste generates H+ ions, which can bind to and block potassium (Na + and Ca enter the cell, triggering 5-HT release)

Answer 16

sour

Question 17

taste cells only express only one class of taste receptor protein, what are the two receptor proteins

Answer 17

T1R or T2R

Question 18

which three tastants activate g protein coupled taste receptor

Answer 18

bitter, sweet, umami

Question 19

synapses of all taste axons

Answer 19

gustatory nucleus

Question 20

what are the umami taste receptors

Answer 20

T1R1 and T1R3

Question 21

what are sweet taste receptors

Answer 21

T1R2 and T1R3

Question 22

what are the bitterness, poison detectors

Answer 22

T2R receptors

Question 23

conscious experience of taste

Answer 23

gustation

Question 24

regions important to control of feeding and digestion

Answer 24

medulla, hypothalamus , and basal telencephalon

Question 25

loss of taste perception

Answer 25

ageusia

Question 26

1:1 relationship taste cell to neuron

Answer 26

labeled line hypothesis

Question 27

specific group of neurons respond to tastants

Answer 27

population coding

Question 28

circuitry of gustatory (taste) system

Answer 28

gustatory axon to gustatory nucleus to thalamus (VPN) to gustatory cortex

Question 29

______ involves the combination of taste and smell

Answer 29

flavor

Question 30

one or two dominant alleles for the TAS2R28 codes for what

Answer 30

supertasters

Question 31

___ ____ following taste cell activation

Answer 31

voltage shift

Question 32

_____ release triggers ATP release to activate gustatory axon

Answer 32

calcium

Question 33

which two tastes release 5-HT to the gustatory afferent axon after calcium release

Answer 33

salty

Question 34

site of transduction and replaces every 4-8 weeks

Answer 34

olfactory receptor cells

Question 35

similar to glia; help produce mucous

Answer 35

supporting cells

Question 36

source of new receptor cells

Answer 36

basal cells

Question 37

thin bone that small clusters of axons pass through en route to olfactory bulb

Answer 37

cribiform plate

Question 38

signal mechanism via GPCR (olfactory) ends in membrane depolarization

Answer 38

increases cAMP, influx of Na & Ca, Cl- efflux

Question 39

_______ structure affects what odorants bind

Answer 39

receptor

Question 40

response ___ in any zone indicated what odorant is present

Answer 40

pattern

Question 41

_______ are receptor specific; receives input only from receptor cells expressing the same receptor protein (olfactory)

Answer 41

glomeruli

Question 42

glomeruli coordinate information by ____

Answer 42

odor

Question 43

the neocortex is reached by a pathway that first synapses in the ___ ____ _____ of the thalamus (olfactory)

Answer 43

medial dorsal nucleus

Question 44

one branch directly synapses in the ___ ____

Answer 44

olfactory cortex

Question 45

each odor is coded by the activity of a _______ of neurons (olfactory population coding)

Answer 45

population

Question 46

neurons responsive to a specific odor can be organized into ____ _____

Answer 46

spatial maps

Question 47

action potential _____ represents the code for specific odors (temporal coding)

Answer 47

timing

Question 48

loss of smell

Answer 48

anosmia

Question 49

vomeronasal organ is a _____ detector

Answer 49

pheromone

Question 50

humans have no _____ that detects pheromone

Answer 50

VGO