chapter twenty two

Question 1

branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of nervous system disorders

Answer 1

neurology

Question 2

branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders that affect the mind

Answer 2

psychiatry

Question 3

of thought, mood or behavior that causes distress or impaired functioning

Answer 3

diagnosable disorder

Question 4

father of behaviorism

Answer 4

B.F. Skinner

Question 5

using genetic information to develop treatment

Answer 5

molecular medicine

Question 6

activated sympathetic nervous system

Answer 6

physiological anxiety symptom

Question 7

CRH—-> ACTH—–> cortisol : what is this oathway

Answer 7

stress response

Question 8

stress response is regulated by the ____ _____ by amygdala and hippocampus

Answer 8

HPA axis

Question 9

the _____ and _____ both receive input from the PFC

Answer 9

amygdala and hippocampus

Question 10

what structure integrates extra-amygdala information

Answer 10

BLA

Question 11

the basolateral nucleus receives ______ sensory input from the thalamus and ______ inputs from the neocortex

Answer 11

ascending, descending

Question 12

what structure integrates intra-amygdala information

Answer 12

Central nucleus (CeA)

Question 13

the CeA receives infro relayed by ____ and activation leads to ____ response

Answer 13

basolateral nucleus and stress

Question 14

systematic desensitization

Answer 14

psychotherapy

Question 15

three anxiolytic drugs

Answer 15

GABA, serotonin, CRH

Question 16

recurrent, intrusive thoughts , images, ideas or impulses that cause marked anxiety or distress

Answer 16

obsessions

Question 17

repetitive behaviors which serve to neutralize anxiety associated with obsessions

Answer 17

compulsions

Question 18

4 affective disorders

Answer 18

depression, bipolar disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Question 19

depression that persists longer than 2 weeks but usually <2 years duration

Answer 19

major depressive

Question 20

depression with less severe symptoms than major depressive disorder, chronic does not improve like MDD

Answer 20

dysthymia, persistent depressive disorder

Question 21

lowered mood and decreased pleasire or interest in all activities is a primary symptom of

Answer 21

major depression

Question 22

three types of bipolar disorder

Answer 22

manic-depressive disorder, mania (type I) , and hypomania (type II)

Question 23

abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood is a primary symptom of

Answer 23

mania

Question 24

may occur with or without major depression, impairment in judgment and performance: is what type of mania

Answer 24

I

Question 25

always accompanied by depressive episodes, milder symptoms of mania, judgement and performance are not impaired: is what type of mania

Answer 25

II

Question 26

problem with the ____ ____ ___ cause mood disorders

Answer 26

diffuse modulatory systems

Question 27

low levels of norepinephrine or serotonin causes what?

Answer 27

depression

Question 28

excess of NE/5-HT causes what?

Answer 28

mania

Question 29

inhibiting MAOI's by monoamine oxidase inhibitors increases what

Answer 29

norepinephrine and serotonin

Question 30

cocaine and amphetamines block DA/NE transporters, increasing ______

Answer 30

mood

Question 31

what are the most prescribed antidepressants

Answer 31

SSRI's

Question 32

SSRI's mechanism of action

Answer 32

selective blockade of serotonin (5-HT) uptake

Question 33

chronic SSRI treatment causes feedback systems to become _____, 5-HT levels rise

Answer 33

desensitized

Question 34

using SSRI treatment ______ may allow 5-HT receptors to normalize

Answer 34

chronically

Question 35

genetic predisposition for a disorder

Answer 35

diathesis

Question 36

HPA axis is the major site where genetics and environment converge to cause mood disorder

Answer 36

stress

Question 37

glucocorticoid receptor gene expression is regulated by ___ _____

Answer 37

early experience

Question 38

early childhood abuse and neglect ______ glucocorticoid receptors

Answer 38

decreased

Question 39

______ of HPA axis in severely depressed patients

Answer 39

hyperactivity

Question 40

disruption of normal feedback system is associated with ____ brain CRH

Answer 40

elevated

Question 41

HPA axis dysregulation can be caused by decreased ____ _____ receptor expression

Answer 41

hippocampal glucocorticoid

Question 42

HPA axis dysregulation can be caused by chronic high levels of _____ - hippocampal damage

Answer 42

cortisol

Question 43

proliferation of new neurons in hippocampus

Answer 43

neurogenesis

Question 44

_____ is an important protein in neurogenesis/ synapse development

Answer 44

BDNF

Question 45

electrical stimulation _____ activity in brain circuits that are chronically overactive

Answer 45

decreases

Question 46

electrode for deep brain stimulation is implanted in _____ ____ ___

Answer 46

Brodmann's area 25

Question 47

lithium is a ____ _____

Answer 47

mood stabilizer

Question 48

_____ is used to help patients overcome negative thoughts and effective to mild depression

Answer 48

psychotherapy

Question 49

ECT is a localized electrical stimulation in the ___ ____

Answer 49

temporal lobe

Question 50

these symptoms of schizophrenia are positive or negative? delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior

Answer 50

positive

Question 51

these symptoms of schizophrenia are positive or negative? flattened affect, diminished emotional range, poverty of speech, social withdraw, loss of motivation

Answer 51

negative

Question 52

attention, working and episodic memory are impaired due to ___ ___ in schizophrenia

Answer 52

cognitive dysfunction

Question 53

diagnosis: presence of at least ____ symptoms for a month, one being delusions, hallucinations or disorganized speech (____ symptoms)

Answer 53

two, positive

Question 54

idential twins have a ____ chance of developing schizophrenia if one has it

Answer 54

50%

Question 55

might be a higher incidence in schizophrenia for ____

Answer 55

males

Question 56

____ have earlier onset of schizophrenia

Answer 56

males

Question 57

impairment in males is, on average, ___ than in women, males respond less to _____

Answer 57

greater, antipsychotics

Question 58

biological changes, perinatal factors, possible cannabis use. all of these interacting is called

Answer 58

two or three hit hypothesis

Question 59

interaction of genetic vulnerability with some environmental stressor

Answer 59

vulnerability-stress model

Question 60

physical changes in the brain for schizophrenia are

Answer 60

1. disorganization of neurons in the cortex and hippocampus 2. enlarged lateral ventricles

Question 61

abnormally high _____ activity levels: possible cause

Answer 61

dopamine

Question 62

substances that inhibit DA release or block DA receptors are effective at reducing _____ symptoms

Answer 62

positive

Question 63

_____ NMDAR expression (glutamate) causes behavioral phenotype that looks like antisocial behavior

Answer 63

reducing