chapter five

Question 1

information transfer at the synapse

Answer 1

synaptic transmission

Question 2

what kind of synapse transfers electrical charge (ions) across the synapse

Answer 2

electrical synapse

Question 3

chemical transfer of information using neurotransmitters (majority of synapse in the brain) is what kind of synapse

Answer 3

chemical synapse

Question 4

in electrical synapse cell are electrically ______

Answer 4

coupled

Question 5

in electrical synapse cells flow from one cells _____ to another cells _____

Answer 5

cytoplasm x2

Question 6

channel made of two connexons, common in non-neuronal cells

Answer 6

gap junction

Question 7

postsynaptic potential is are almost ______ with presynaptic neurons excitation; making transmission _______

Answer 7

simultaneous; rapid

Question 8

neurons/ nerves use what type of synaptic transmission

Answer 8

chemical

Question 9

who proved chemical transmission and names acetylcholine (vagusstoff)

Answer 9

otto loewi

Question 10

in a chemical synapse what is the presynaptic element

Answer 10

axon terminal

Question 11

in a chemical synapse what is the postsynaptic element

Answer 11

dendrite

Question 12

what contains neurotransmitters

Answer 12

synaptic vesicles

Question 13

what contains neuropeptides

Answer 13

secretory granules

Question 14

the presynaptic area contains what 2 things (important for efficient NT release)

Answer 14

active zones, voltage-gated calcium channels

Question 15

NT release sites are called?

Answer 15

active zones

Question 16

the postsynaptic area contains what

Answer 16

neurotransmitter receptors

Question 17

postsynaptic _______ differs by chemical transmission type

Answer 17

appearance

Question 18

(postsynaptic structure) excitatory postsynaptic or grays type I is ________

Answer 18

asymmetrical

Question 19

(postsynaptic structure) inhibitory postsynaptic or grays type II is ________

Answer 19

symmetrical

Question 20

synaptic arrangements are named for part of presynaptic cell where they begin which is, _______ and part for where they ____

Answer 20

axo for axon; end

Question 21

the neuromuscular junction contains a ____ ____ ____ which is packed with receptors

Answer 21

motor end plate

Question 22

synthesized in the axon terminal

Answer 22

amino acids

Question 23

stored in synaptic vesicles for release

Answer 23

amines

Question 24

synthesized in soma, packaged into dense-core vesicles and trafficked to axon terminal for release

Answer 24

peptides

Question 25

synaptic vesicles are ______, waiting for influx of calcium

Answer 25

docked

Question 26

vesicle membrane fuses with presynaptic plasma membrane, contents can access outside of the terminal, diffuse across synaptic cleft

Answer 26

exocytosis

Question 27

recovery of vesicle from the plasma membrane

Answer 27

endocytosis

Question 28

_______ _______ also release contents via exocytosis but much slower and not at active zones

Answer 28

secretory granules

Question 29

transmitter-gated ion channels are _____ receptors

Answer 29

fast

Question 30

channel opens in response to neurotransmitter

Answer 30

ionotropic

Question 31

caused by release of excitatory NT

Answer 31

excitatory postsynaptic potential

Question 32

glutamate is what type of neurotransmitter

Answer 32

excitatory

Question 33

An EPSP results in postsynaptic membrane ______ by entry of Na+ (or Ca2+)

Answer 33

depolarization

Question 34

what type of NT are GABA and glycine

Answer 34

inhibitory

Question 35

IPSP cause postsynaptic membrane _______ by entry of Cl-

Answer 35

hyper polarization

Question 36

slower, long-lasting transmission (type of receptor)

Answer 36

G protein

Question 37

channels work through "effector" proteins- the G proteins (requires energy)

Answer 37

metabotropic

Question 38

2 functions of G proteins

Answer 38

stimulate or inhibit channel opening; activate or inhibit second messenger effector enzymes

Question 39

reuptake of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron, involves ______ protein

Answer 39

transporter

Question 40

where are autoreceptors located?

Answer 40

on the presynaptic neuron

Question 41

autoreceptors provide ______ signal to regulate ongoing neurotransmission

Answer 41

feedback

Question 42

number of NT molecules in one vesicle

Answer 42

quantum

Question 43

EPSP amplitude = size of response and is dependent on _____ of NT molecules released

Answer 43

number

Question 44

despite uniform action potential size, ______ can occur at vastly different amounts at the synapse

Answer 44

exocytosis

Question 45

adding together individual EPSP's to produce significant depolarization

Answer 45

integration

Question 46

what are the dimensions of integration

Answer 46

space and time

Question 47

ESPS's generated at same time in different spaces

Answer 47

spatial summation

Question 48

ESPSs generated at the same synapse in rapid succession (different times, same space)

Answer 48

temporal summation

Question 49

depolarization drops off exponentially with increasing distance travelled

Answer 49

leaky membrane

Question 50

in dendrites signals can move _____ and ____ from soma

Answer 50

away and toward

Question 51

inhibtory synapses release _____ ion

Answer 51

Cl-

Question 52

Cl- _____ depolarizations reaching soma to axon hillock, reduces membrane resistance ( called "shunt" )

Answer 52

inhibits