chapter eight: flowers, fruits, and seeds Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
___ make reproduction in plants predictable, precise, and unique
A
flowers
2
Q
reproduction in which parent plant produces progeny that are genetically identical to each other
A
asexual reproduction
3
Q
asexual reproduction is advantageous when ___
A
environmental conditions are stable
4
Q
commercially, ___ and ___ are important forms of asexual reproduction
A
rooted cuttings and grafting
5
Q
reproduction in which parent plant produces progeny that are genetically diverse
A
sexual reproduction
6
Q
another term for sexual reproduction in plants
A
alternation of generations
7
Q
reproductive organs of angiosperms
A
flowers
8
Q
4 functions of a flower
A
- attract pollinators
- bring egg and sperm together
- form fruit
- protect developing seed
9
Q
flower that has all four whorls
A
complete flower
10
Q
flower that has both female and male reproductive structures
A
perfect flower
11
Q
stalk of the flower; what holds all the floral parts
A
peduncle
12
Q
flattened tip of peduncle; where the whorls attach
A
receptacle
13
Q
the outermost whorl
A
calyx
14
Q
the calyx is made up of ___ that are usually green and leaf like
A
sepals
15
Q
function of the calyx
A
protect the flower while it is in the bud
16
Q
just inside the calyx is the next whorl, called the ___
A
corolla
17
Q
the corolla is made up of ___
A
petals
18
Q
there are normally ___ individual petals, but sometimes they ___
A
three or more
fuse into one structure
19
Q
function of the corolla
A
attract pollinators
20
Q
term used to refer to both the calyx and corolla together
A
perianth
21
Q
the whorl just inside the corolla
A
androecium/stamen
22
Q
the androecium/stamen is the ____
A
male reproductive structure
23
Q
the androecium produces ___
A
pollen
24
Q
two parts of a stamen
A
anther
filament
25
the anther is the ____, and the filament is the ___
sac at the top of the filament
semi-rigid, slender tube that runs from the anther to the receptacle
26
the innermost whorl
gynoecium/pistil/carpel
27
the gynoecium is the ____
female reproductive structure
28
the posit produces ___
egg
29
three parts of the carpel
stigma
style
ovary
30
can there be more than one pistil in a flower
yes
31
a flower that lacks one or more whorl
incomplete flower
32
a flower that has either stamens or pistils
imperfect flower
33
plant with male and female flowers
monoecious
34
plant with male flowers or females flowers
dioecious
35
ovary that sits above floral whorls
superior ovary
36
ovary that sits below floral whorls
inferior ovary
37
ovary with whorls attached halfway up
half inferior/perigynous ovary
38
the transfer of pollen from male structure to female structure
pollination
39
are pollination and fertilization the same thing?
NO
40
sperm fuses with an egg
fertilization
41
how does a flower with male and female structures not fertilize itself?
the structures mature/ripen at different times
42
each pollen grain contains __
two sperm cells
43
ovary develops into ___
fruit
44
dicots have seeds with ___ cotyledons
two
45
monocots have seeds with ___ cotyledons
one
46
dicots have flower parts mostly in multiples of ___ or ___
fours or fives
47
monocots have flower parts mostly in multiples of ___
three
48
dicots have leaves with a ____ of primary veins
distinct network
49
monocots have leaves with more or less ____ primary veins
parallel
50
the vascular cambium and frequently cork cambium are present in ___
dicots
51
the vascular cambium and cork cambium are absent in ____
monocots
52
the vascular bundles of a stem in dicots are ___
in a ring
53
the vascular bundles of a stem in monocots are ___
scattered
54
dicots have pollen grains with mostly ___ apertures
three
55
monocots have pollen grains with mostly ___ apertures
one
56
seeds form from the ___
ovule
57
fruit forms from ___
ripened ovary
58
fruit classification is based on the condition of this
pericarp
59
the three layers of the pericarp (outer to inner)
exocarp
mesocarp
endocarp
60
fruits are classified based on ____, not their state when they are ____
biological maturity
harvested
61
three functions of fruit
1. protect seed from drying out
2. aid in seed dispersal
3. germination
62
a fruit with one or more united carpels
simply fleshy fruit
63
three types of simple fleshy fruits
1. drupe
2. berry
3. pome
64
drupes have a ___ pit and ___ carpel
hard
one
65
the exocarp of a drupe is ___, the mesocarp is ___, and the endocarp is ___
thin
soft and fleshy
hard and stony
66
there is a ____ inside the pit of a drupe
single seed
67
examples of drupe fruits
peach, olive, coconut, walnut, pecan, plum, cherry
68
the most common type of fruit
berry
69
berries have a ___ core and ___ seeds/carpels
fleshy
many
70
all three layers of a berries' pericarp are ___
soft and fleshy
71
three subtypes of berries
1. true berry
2. pepo berry
3. hesperidium berry
72
a true berry has ___ skin, all of the pericarp is ___, and has ____ seeds
thin, soft skin
pericarp is soft, fleshy, and juicy
multiple seeds
73
examples of true berries
grapes, tomatoes, blueberries, cranberries, bananas
74
pepo berries have an exocarp called a ___ that is relatively ___
rind
thick and hard
75
examples of pepo berries
watermelon, pumpkin, cucumbers, all melons
76
hesperidium berries have an exocarp called a ___ that is ___ and contains ___
peel
leathery
aromatic oils
77
hesperidium berries have a mesocarp that contains ____
juice filled sacs
78
examples of hesperidium berries
orange, lemon, lime, grapefruits, pretty much all citrus fruits
79
a pome has a ___ core, ___ derived from ovary wall and receptacle, a ___ endocarp, and seeds that sit in a ___
tough
pulp
papery
cavity lined with endocarp
80
example of a pome
apple
81
pomes have ___ left behind when we eat them
cores
82
type of fruit that has multiple separate carpels that give rise to one fruit
complex fleshy fruits
83
two types of complex fleshy fruits
aggregate
multiple
84
aggregate fruits develop from ___ with ___
one flower with multiple petals
85
examples of aggregates
blackberry, strawberry, raspberry
86
in a strawberry, the ___ becomes a big part of the flesh
receptable
87
in a blackberry or raspberry, the receptacle ___ and remnants are in the ___
withers
center of aggregated ovaries
88
multiple complex fleshy fruits develop from a ____; mature ovaries of many flowers ____
tight cluster of flowers
unite into a single fruit
89
type of fruit in which the mature fruit splits to release seeds
dehiscent dry fruit
90
four types of dehiscent dry fruits
1. follicle
2. legume
3. siliques
4. capsules
91
follicles split down the ___
side or seam
92
examples of follicles
milkweed, larkspur, peony
93
legumes split down ___
two seams
94
legumes are the ___ dry fruit group
largest
95
examples of legumes
peas, beans, lentils, carob, kudzu, mesquite, redbud, peanuts
96
siliques split along ___ but seeds are borne on a ____
two sides
central partition
97
examples of siliques
broccoli, cabbage, radish
98
capsules split ___
in multiple places
99
examples of capsules
irises, orchids, poppies, violets
100
indehiscent dry fruits are ones in which the mature fruit ____; seed is united with the ____
remains around the seeds
pericarp
101
four types of indehiscent dry fruits
1. achene
2. nut
3. grain
4. samaras
102
achenes have a seed attached to the pericarp only at the ___; pericarp is relatively ____ from the seed
seed's base
easily separated
103
example of an achene
sunflower
104
nuts have a ___ seed, pericarp is ____ than that of achenes, develop with a cup or cluster of ___ at their base
single
harder and thicker
bracts
105
examples of nuts
acorns, hazelnuts, hickory nuts
106
grains have a pericarp that is ___ attached to the seed, cannot ____
tightly
be removed
107
examples of grains
corn, rice, wheat, rye, grasses
108
samaras have a pericarp ____ the seed that ____ in the form of a wing or membrane to aid in ___
surrounding
extends out
dispersal
109
examples of samaras
maples, ashes, elms
110
the embryo is held in ____ in a seed
suspended animation
111
2 functions of seeds
1. protect the embryo
2. aid in dispersal
112
a germinated embryo that is not yet mature
seedling
113
a dicot seed can split ____
perfectly in half
114
scar tissue on the face of the seed; where the seed was attached to the ovary wall
hilum
115
where pollen tube was attached to the seed, dot of scar tissue
micropyle
116
___ sperm cells swim down the ___ and pass through the ___; this is how the sperm reaches the egg
two
pollen tube
micropyle
117
tough, external covering of the seed
seed coat
118
___ can move through the seed coat, but it is almost ___; it functions to ___
gases
impermeable
protect developing embryo
119
bulk of seed interior; contains stored energy for the embryo
endosperm
120
sac that surrounds the endosperm
cotyledon
121
root of the embryo
radicle
122
stem below the cotyledon
hypocotyl
123
stem above the cotyledon
epicotyl
124
terminal bud in a seed
plumule
125
in a monocot, the ___ and ___ stay below ground
cotyledon and seed coat
126
two extra structures that monocot seeds have and dicot seeds do not
coleoptile
coleorhiza
127
the coleoptile is a ___
protective sheath around the stem
128
the coleorhiza is a ___
protective sheath around the roots
