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Botany > Chapter Eleven: Growth and Development > Flashcards

Chapter Eleven: Growth and Development Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

plant growth and development is regulated by ____

A

hormones

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2
Q

what are the 5 plant hormones

A
  1. auxins
  2. gibberellins
  3. cytokinins
  4. ethylene
  5. abscisic acid (ABA)
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3
Q

plants do not have a(n) ___ or ___ system

A

endocrine or nervous

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4
Q

a chemical substance produced in one place that stimulates something somewhere else

A

hormone

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5
Q

a hormone that impacts the cell it is produced in

A

autocrine

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6
Q

plants interact with their environment through their ____

A

growth

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7
Q

meristematic tissues are regulated by ____

A

hormones

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8
Q

our overall understanding of plant hormones is ____, especially compared to our understanding of animal hormones

A

premature

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9
Q

the first hormone discovered in plants

A

auxin

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10
Q

auxins promote ___, ___, ___, and ___

A

cell division, elongation, maturation, and genetic competence

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11
Q

auxins are involved in every _____

A

growth phenomenon (promotion and inhibition)

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12
Q

auxins promote ____, meaning that the plants are generally dominant at the tip

A

apical dominance

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13
Q

auxins are synthesized in ___, ___, and ___

A

shoot tips, young leaves, and seed embryos

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14
Q

4 major actions of auxins

A
  1. promotes cell elongation
  2. inhibits growth of lateral buds
  3. inhibits lead and fruit abscission
  4. stimulates synthesis of ethylene
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15
Q

growth toward a light source

A

phototropism

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16
Q

most active naturally occurring auxin

A

IAA

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17
Q

two commercial uses of IAA

A
  1. stimulates root growth in cuttings
  2. stimulates some plants to produce fruit without being fertilized
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18
Q

agent orange; used in Vietnam war to kill broadleaf plants; harmful to soldiers

A

2,4,5-T

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19
Q

gibberellins are synthesized in ___ and ___

A

young shoots and developing seeds

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20
Q

3 major actions of gibberellins

A
  1. promotes elongation of cells
  2. stimulates flowering and fruit development
  3. stimulates seed germination
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21
Q

2 commercial uses of gibberellins

A
  1. elongates flower stems of cyclamen plants
  2. lengthens stems of grapes and increases fruit size
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22
Q

a ____ amount go gibberellins is needed to produce a large response

A

small

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23
Q

cytokinins are synthesized in ___, ___, and ___

A

roots, embryos, and fruits

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24
Q

3 major actions of cytokinins

A
  1. stimulates cytokinesis
  2. stimulates growth of lateral buds
  3. delays leaf senescence
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25
effects of cytokinins are influenced by _____
auxin concentration
26
if the apical meristem is intact or close by, auxin in that meristem will ______
suppress lateral growth (apical dominance)
27
3 commercial uses of cytokinins
1. extends shelf life of leafy vegetables 2. keeps cut flowers fresh 3. promotes branching in Christmas trees
28
ethylene is only ___ hormone, unlike the others which are a ____
one group
29
ethylene is growth ____
inhibiting
30
ethylene is the only plant hormone that is a ____
gas
31
ethylene is synthesized in ____
all plants parts
32
3 major actions of ethylene
1. promotes fruit ripening 2. stimulates leaf and flower senescence 3. stimulates leaf and fruit abscission
33
commercial use of ethylene
ripe climacteric fruits that are picked green
34
fruits that enter a ripening phase
climacteric fruits
35
once climacteric fruits enter the ripening phase, they will ______
ripen on or off the vine
36
non-climacteric fruits do not respond to ____
ethylene
37
the stress hormone
abscisic acid (ABA)
38
ABA helps plants cope with _____
adverse conditions
39
abscisic acid is synthesized in ___ and ___
mature leaves and plants under stress
40
3 major actions of abscisic acid (ABA)
1. inhibits growth 2. closes stomata 3. induces and maintains seed dormancy
41
one commercial use for ABA
inhibits growth of plants that are able to be shipped for manufacture
42
plants move with ___ and ___
precision and intention
43
plant growth directed toward or away from an environmental stimulus
tropic movement
44
growth in response to unidirectional light
phototropism
45
____ are primarily phototrophic
plant shoots
46
bending of plant shoots results from ____ on shaded side of plant
auxin accumulation
47
growth in response to gravity
gravitropism
48
___ are primarily gravitropic
roots
49
___ and ___ are negatively gravitropic
shoots and stems
50
____ in root cells function as statoliths (gravity detectors)
amyloplasts
51
a shift in the statolith signals in amyloplasts causes a ____
redistribution of auxin
52
growth in response to touch
thigmotropism
53
passion vine tendrils exhibit ____ thigmotropism
positive
54
plant movements that are not oriented with respect to a stimulus
mastic movements
55
a mastic response to touch
thigmonasty
56
example of thigmonasty
leaflet folding of "sensitive plant"
57
how does thigmonasty in the sensitive plant work
rapid movement of water internally
58
mastic response to the daily rhythms of light and dark
nyctinasty
59
nyctinasty is also referred to as ____
sleep movement
60
____ is the main trigger for responses to seasonal changes
light
61
___ and ___ also have influences on plant responses to seasonal changes
temperature and water availability
62
4 plant processes that occur at specific times of the year
1. flowering 2. seed germination 3. senescence 4. dormancy
63
grey/blueish pigment found in all plants
phytochrome
64
phytochrome is sensitive to ___ and ___
red light and infrared light
65
two forms of phytochrome
1. PR (phytochrome red) 2. PFR (phytochrome far red)
66
___ is the active form of phytochrome
phytochrome far red PFR
67
red wavelengths are used by plants to measure ____
day length (really night length)
68
the number of hours of light in a 24 hour day
photoperiod
69
when phytochrome is exposed to red wavelengths, it chemically changes to the ____ form
PFR (active)
70
when red wavelengths diminish, phytochrome chemically changes to the ____ form
PR (inactive)
71
4 categories of flowering plants
1. long day 2. short day 3. day neutral 4. intermediate
72
____ is important for plants to detect to know when to carry out certain processes
uninterrupted darkness
73
why do plants detect uninterrupted darkness instead of day light?
quality of light can vary from day to day, but darkness it generally the same every night
74
critical length of light period
12-14 hours
75
bloom when light periods are longer than critical length
long day plants
76
long day plants bloom in the ___ and ___
late spring and early summer
77
bloom when light periods are shorter than critical length
short day plants
78
short day plants bloom in the ___ and ___
late summer and fall
79
do not rely on photoperiod to stimulate flowering
day neutral plants
80
day neutral plants bloom in the ___, ___, and ___ and are typically located in the ____
spring, summer and fall tropics
81
if seeds are buried too deep, phytochrome can't convert to PFR, and _____ will not occur
seed germination
82
red light ____ germination far red light ____ germination
stimulates (PR -> PFR) inhibits (PFR -> PR)
83
destruction of chlorophyll and production of anthocyanin in autumn
leaf senescence
84
a period of decreased metabolism in plants
dormancy
85
leaf senescence and dormancy are impacted by _____
phytochrome

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