chapters 16-19: kingdoms bacteria, archaea, Protista, fungi

Question 1

what are the current six kingdoms of taxonomy

Answer 1

1. bacteria
2. archaea
3. protista
4. plantae
5. fungi
6. Animalia

Question 2

determining genetic sequences then comparing and contrasting them to determine taxonomy

Answer 2

bioinformatics

Question 3

____ is found in every living thing and therefore good for comparing and contrasting to classify taxonomy

Answer 3

cytochrome C

Question 4

evidence indicates that aquatic plants evolved from ______

Answer 4

freshwater green algae (charophytes)

Question 5

5 adaptations to life on land for plants

Answer 5

1. conspicuous sporophyte that protects gametophyte and zygote
2. vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
3. root systems
4. lignin: substance that adds rigidity to cell wall
5. waterproof cuticle and stomata

Question 6

bacteria are ____ cells that have a ___, ___, ___, and ___

Answer 6

prokaryotic
cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and nucleoid region with DNA

Question 7

some bacteria have ___, ___, ___, ___, ___

Answer 7

cell wall, plasmids, pili, flagella, endospores

Question 8

bacteria are the most ____ things on the plants

Answer 8

diverse

Question 9

bacteria were originally classified based on ___, ___, ___, and ___

Answer 9

staining characteristics, nutrient requirements, oxygen requirements, and habitat

Question 10

how are bacteria classified today

Answer 10

molecular data, comparing ribosomal RNA sequences

Question 11

molecular data show that bacteria and archaea have different ____, ____, and ____

Answer 11

genetic sequences, antibiotic sensitivities, and cell wall components

Question 12

how can bacteria be beneficial

Answer 12

break down organic waste
cycle chemical elements (O, N) between organisms and environment
production of food (vinegar, cheese)
mass-produce non food items (vitamins, enzymes, ethanol, insulin)

Question 13

autotrophic bacteria are ____ and are referred to as ___

Answer 13

photosynthetic
cyanobacteria

Question 14

autotrophic bacteria only have photosystem ___

Answer 14

one

Question 15

viruses are an _____ meaning they need a host cell to reproduce

Answer 15

obligate parasite

Question 16

very few plant pathogens are ___ or ___, most are ___

Answer 16

viral or bacterial
fungal

Question 17

infectious proteins

Answer 17

prions

Question 18

infectious RNA

Answer 18

viroid

Question 19

protists are ___ cells that are extremely ____

Answer 19

eukaryotic
diverse

Question 20

protists are a bridge between ___ and ___ life forms

Answer 20

simple and complex

Question 21

animal-like protists

Answer 21

protozoa

Question 22

fungal-like protists

Answer 22

slime molds

Question 23

plant-like protists

Answer 23

algae

Question 24

dinoflagellates are referred to as ____ because they have a pair of flagella that ___ as it swims

Answer 24

whorling whip
spins

Question 25

dinoflagellates have ___ beneath the cell membrane

Answer 25

alveoli

Question 26

dinoflagellates cause ___ that cause ___

Answer 26

algae blooms red tides

Question 27

dinoflagellates are ___ like

Answer 27

plant

Question 28

ampicomplexa are ___ like protists that are a deadly ____ of all animals

Answer 28

animal obligate parasite

Question 29

ciliates are ___ like protists that move via ___

Answer 29

animal cilia

Question 30

water molds are ___ like protists

Answer 30

fungal

Question 31

water molds cause ___ on fish, ___ of potatoes, and ___ of grapes

Answer 31

ick late blight downy mildew

Question 32

diatoms are ___ like protists called ____

Answer 32

plant golden algae

Question 33

diatoms have two-part silica walls called ___ and are major components of ___

Answer 33

frustules phytoplankton

Question 34

frustules form a ___ on the ocean floor and can be used as ingredients for ___

Answer 34

fine powder polishes

Question 35

brown algae are large, multicellular ___

Answer 35

seaweeds

Question 36

brown color of brown algae is due to ____

Answer 36

fucoxanthin (photosynthetic pigment)

Question 37

___ is the best representation of the brown algae protists

Answer 37

giant kelp

Question 38

brown algae grow in ______

Answer 38

shallow, cold salt water only above the 60 degree latitude line

Question 39

red algae are red because of ___

Answer 39

phycobilin

Question 40

red algae grow in _____

Answer 40

deep water around the equator

Question 41

evidence suggests that plants developed from the ____ protist group

Answer 41

green algae

Question 42

four plant like characteristics of green algae

Answer 42

use chlorophyll a + b store starch cellulose cell walls most exhibit alternation of generations

Question 43

two ways that green algae differ from plants

Answer 43

most have pyrenoids lack true stems, roots, and leaves

Question 44

regions in chloroplast that store starch

Answer 44

pyrenoids

Question 45

fungi have ___ cells and gain nutrients by ___

Answer 45

eukaryotic heterotrophy

Question 46

fungi have ___ cell walls

Answer 46

chitin

Question 47

fungi have ___ to store carbs

Answer 47

glycogen

Question 48

fungi are ___, meaning they release enzymes into environment and absorb what is broken down by them

Answer 48

saprotrophic

Question 49

tubular structure with chitinous cell wall that makes up fungi

Answer 49

hyphae

Question 50

mass of tightly aligned hyphae that is usually above ground

Answer 50

fruiting body

Question 51

mass of densely branched hyphae that is usually below ground

Answer 51

mycelium

Question 52

fungi that have one nuclei per cell

Answer 52

septate / non-coenocytic

Question 53

fungi that have multiple nuclei per cell

Answer 53

nonseptate

Question 54

fungi are classified based on ___ and ___

Answer 54

sexual spore and fruiting body

Question 55

fungi are more closely related to ___ than ___

Answer 55

animals plants

Question 56

ascomycetes are known as ___ because ____

Answer 56

sac fungi they have structures that look like sacs where their sexual spores are produced

Question 57

___ is the only unicellular sac fungus

Answer 57

yeast

Question 58

cells with two different packages of DNA, but homologous chromosomes don't fuse right away

Answer 58

dikaryotic

Question 59

dikaryotic cells are a unique characteristic of ____

Answer 59

higher fungi

Question 60

___ and ___ are two edible ascomycetes

Answer 60

truffles and morels

Question 61

basidiomycetes are known as ___ because ___

Answer 61

club fungi basidium (a golf club looking structure) is where spores are made

Question 62

mutualistic, symbiotic relationship between fungi and cyanobacteria or green algae

Answer 62

lichens

Question 63

algae/cyanobacteria obtain ____ and ____ from fungi in lichens

Answer 63

minerals and water

Question 64

fungi obtains ____ from algae/cyanobacteria in lichens

Answer 64

carbohydrates

Question 65

lichens survive in habitats that are ___ to either organism alone

Answer 65

inhospitable

Question 66

three examples of a lichen habitat that is pretty extreme

Answer 66

bare rock arctic tundra deserts

Question 67

lichens cannot withstand ____

Answer 67

air pollution

Question 68

three morphological forms of lichens

Answer 68

1. crustose: tightly bind to substrate 2. foliose: loosely attach to substrate, somewhat leaf like 3. fruticose: attach to substrate at one point that grow up or hang down