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Botany > chapter five: soils > Flashcards

chapter five: soils Flashcards

1
Q

percentages of optimal soil conditions

A

50 % solid:
-45% mineral matter from rocks
-5% organic matter
50 % pore space
-25% H2O
-25% air

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2
Q

there are ___ soil orders

A

12

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3
Q

layers of the soil that are part of the biosphere; interact with living things

A

fertile zone

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4
Q

which three horizons are contained in the fertile zone

A

O
A
E

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5
Q

soil horizon that contains humus and organic matter

A

O horizon

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6
Q

the O horizon is where soil bacteria and fungi break down ___

A

organic matter

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7
Q

organic matter that is partially broken down

A

humus

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8
Q

a layer of topsoil

A

A horizon

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9
Q

eluviation layer, where leaching occurs, the bottom of the topsoil

A

E horizon

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10
Q

layers of the soil that are not part of the biosphere do not interact with living things

A

infertile zone

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11
Q

4 soil horizons in the infertile zone

A

I
B
C
R

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12
Q

illuvial layer; zone of accumulation for minerals/elements, top of subsoil

A

I horizon

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13
Q

subsoil; mixture of sand, silt, and clay; impenetrable to most things

A

B horizon

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14
Q

unconsolidated parent material

A

C horizon

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15
Q

regolith layer; solid parent material (bedrock); where minerals come from

A

R horizon

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16
Q

the percent sand, silt, and clay in a given soil

A

soil texture

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17
Q

sand, silt, and clay are ___ identical; they are defined by ___

A

chemically
diameter of particle

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18
Q

ideal soil with balanced parts of sand, silt, and clay (one third of each)

A

loam soil

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19
Q

clay particles are ____ in diameter

A

< 0.002mm

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20
Q

what is the shape of clay particles

A

flat, not globular

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21
Q

individual clay particles are called ___

A

micells

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22
Q

clay particles (micells) have a ___ charge

A

negative

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23
Q

micells will permanently suspend in water, so they are known as ___

A

colloids

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24
Q

shape of silt particles

A

globular

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25
Q

silt particles are ___ in diameter

A

0.002-0.05mm

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26
Q

sand particles are ___ in diameter

A

0.05-2.0mm

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27
Q

sand types in order from smallest to largest particles

A

very fine sand
fine sand
medium sand
coarse sand
very coarse sand

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28
Q

can you change soil texture

A

no

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29
Q

the appearance of soil when it clumps together

A

soil structure

30
Q

can you change soil structure

A

yes, by mixing

31
Q

5 soil forming factors

A
  1. parent material
  2. climate
  3. topography
  4. living organisms and organic composition
  5. time
32
Q

rock that the mineral matter in the soil is made from

A

parent material/regoliths

33
Q

___ and ___ are the most common regoliths

A

granite and basalt

34
Q

parent material accumulates through weathering of these 3 types of rock from these sources

A
  1. igneous rock from volcanic activity
  2. sedimentary rock from depositing by glaciers, water, or wind
  3. metamorphic rock from changes in igneous or sedimentary rocks from extreme pressure, heat, or both
35
Q

___ and ___ are the two most important factors for climate

A

temperature and rainfall

36
Q

lay of the land

A

topography

37
Q

in steep land, soil may ___ or ___ because of wind, water, and ice

A

wash away or erode

38
Q

in flat land, ___ and ___ may appear when it rains

A

pools and ponds

39
Q

what is the topography in East Tennessee called that contains mostly foothills

A

rome formation

40
Q

an ideal topography for soil formation is one that permits ___ without ___

A

drainage
erosion

41
Q

the most important soil forming factor

A

time

42
Q

it takes ___ years for one inch of topsoil to develop

A

1000

43
Q

3 types of water found in soil

A
  1. hydroscopic water
  2. gravitational water
  3. capillary water
44
Q

what is hydroscopic water

A

water chemically and permanently bound to the soil

45
Q

hydroscopic water is ____, no matter how dry the soil seems

A

always present

46
Q

is hydroscopic water available to the life in/on the soil

A

no

47
Q

can hydroscopic water be removed under natural conditions

A

no

48
Q

how is hydroscopic water removed in a lab

A

baked at 400 degrees for days

49
Q

what is gravitational water

A

water that passes through the soil system into the water table by gravity

50
Q

underground water that can be shallow or deep

A

water table

51
Q

gravitational water is ___ in the soil after rainfall

A

temporarily

52
Q

gravitational water is ___ available to life in/on the soil

A

temporarily

53
Q

what is capillary water

A

water help against gravity in pores of the soil

54
Q

capillary is the ____ to life in and on the soil

A

most available

55
Q

the amount of capillary water and area can potentially hold

A

field capacity

56
Q

___ is the most important factor in determining field capacity

A

soil density

57
Q

is soils heavy in clay reach a field capacity of ___, plants reach a permanent wilting point

A

less than 15%

58
Q

if sandy soils reach a field capacity of ___, plants reach a permanent wilting point

A

less that 4%

59
Q

the most important biological parameter of all

A

pH

60
Q

____ in soil causes certain minerals (like copper, iron, and manganese) to become less available to plants

A

alkalinity

61
Q

acidity in soil inhibits the growth of ____

A

nitrogen-fixing bacteria

62
Q

adding ___ to soil makes alkaline soils more acidic

A

sulfur

63
Q

“black earth” in the midwest

A

mollisols

64
Q

black pigments in soil come from ___

A

organic matter

65
Q

red pigments in soil come from ___

A

iron and aluminum oxides

66
Q

white pigments in soil come from ___

A

silicates and salt

67
Q

found in the midwest where deserts meet grasslands

A

cryptobiotic soils

68
Q

cryptobiotic soils have a ___ on the top of the ground that is ___ and will ___ underneath the foot

A

crust
cake-like
crunch

69
Q

cryptobiotic soils are ___ in color

A

light (mosaic)

70
Q

cryptobiotic soils are rich in ___ and ___ that are only found in this soil

A

bacteria and fungi

71
Q

cryptobiotic soils are the ___ soils on the planet

A

rarest

72
Q

cryptobiotic soils contain rare compounds that could be ___

A

medicinal

Botany (11 decks)

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