Chapter Eight: Tendons and Ligaments

Question 1

What are the three structural classes of joints?

Answer 1

1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial

Question 2

Joints are a type of ______________ tissue that binds bones

Answer 2

Connective

Question 3

Name the three functional classes of joints:

Answer 3

1. Synarthrosis
2. Amphiarthrosis
3. Diarthrosis

Question 4

What type of joint?
- united by fibrous connective tissue
- have no joint cavity
- move little or none

Answer 4

Fibrous Joints

Question 5

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

Answer 5

1. Sutures
2. Syndesmoses
3. Gomphoses

Question 6

What type of fibrous joint?
- opposing bones interdigitate
- in adults may ossify completely; synotosis
- fontanels: membranous areas in the suture between bones

Answer 6

Sutures

Question 7

What type of fibrous joint?
- bones farther apart than suture and joined by ligaments
- some movement may occur
- examples: radioulnar (inerosseus membrane)

Answer 7

Syndesmoses

Question 8

What type of fibrous joint?
- pegs that fit into sockets
- periodontal ligaments: holds teeth in place

Answer 8

Gomphoses

Question 9

What functional class of joints: non-moveable

Answer 9

synarthrosis

Question 10

What functional classes of joints: slightly moveable

Answer 10

Amphiarthrosis

Question 11

What functional class of joints: freely moveable

Answer 11

Diarthrosis

Question 12

Name the three types of synovial joints:

Answer 12

1. Uniaxial
2. Biaxial
3. Multiaxial

Question 13

What type of synovial joint: occurring around one axis

Answer 13

uniaxial

Question 14

What type of synovial joint: occurring around two axes at the right angles to each other

Answer 14

Biaxial

Question 15

What type of synovial joint: occurring around several axes

Answer 15

Multiaxial

Question 16

What type of joint?
- biaxial
- modified ball-and-socket; articular surfaces are ellipsoid (one convex, one concave)
- EX: atlantooccipital

Answer 16

Ellipsoid (Condyloid)

Question 17

What type of joint?
- multiaxial
- articular surface of one bone is ball-shaped and fits into a cup-shaped articular surface of the opposing bone
- widest range of motion
- EX: glenohumeral (shoulder) and coxofemoral (hip)

Answer 17

Ball + Socket

Question 18

What is an example of a compound hinge joint?

Answer 18

Humeroulnar Joint

Question 19

What are two examples of pivot joints?

Answer 19

Humeroidal Joint and Proximal Radioulnar Joint

Question 20

The shape of the trochlear notch and trochlea limit movement to ________________ and _______________

Answer 20

extensions and flexion

Question 21

The rounded head of the radius allows for _________________ and _________________

Answer 21

pronation and supination

Question 22

What type of joint is the knee joint?

Answer 22

Ellipsoid (Condyloid)

Question 23

What are the movements of the knee joint?

Answer 23

• flexion
• extension
• small amount of rotation

Question 24

Within the knee joint, what is this?
- fibrocartilaginous pads in the knee to absorb shock

Answer 24

menisci

Question 25

Within the knee joint, what is this? - extend between intercondylar eminence of tibia and fossa of the femur

Answer 25

Cruciate Ligaments

Question 26

What are the two types of cruciate ligaments?

Answer 26

anterior and posterior

Question 27

What kind of cruciate ligament? - ACL: prevents anterior displacement of tibia

Answer 27

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Question 28

What kind of cruciate ligament? - PCL: prevents posterior displacement of tibia

Answer 28

Posterior Cruciate Ligaments

Question 29

Medial + lateral collateral + popliteal ligaments: along with tendons of __________ muscles strengthen the joint

Answer 29

thigh

Question 30

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 30

- Synchondroses - Symphyses

Question 31

What type of cartilaginous joint is made of hyaline cartilage?

Answer 31

Synchondroses

Question 32

What type of Cartilaginous joint is made of fibrocartilage?

Answer 32

Symphyses

Question 33

What type of cartilaginous joint? - joined by hyaline cartilage - little or no movement

Answer 33

Synchondroses

Question 34

What type of Cartilaginous Joint? - fibrocartilage unites two bones - slightly moveable EX: pubic symphysis and intervertebral disks

Answer 34

Sympheses

Question 35

What type of hyaline cartilage, that provides a smooth surface, is found in Synovial Joints?

Answer 35

Articular Cartilage

Question 36

What type of cavity encloses articular surfaces?

Answer 36

Joint Cavity

Question 37

What are the two parts of the capsule in synovial joints?

Answer 37

Fibrous Capsule and Synovial Membrane

Question 38

What type of capsule? - dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 38

Fibrous Capsule

Question 39

What type of membrane? - thin delicate membrane lining inside of joint capsule - secretes synovial fluid

Answer 39

Synovial Membrane

Question 40

Complex mixture of polysaccharides, proteins, fat and phagocytic cells - no blood vessels or nerves in articular cartilages; nutrients come from nearby blood vessels and synovial fluid

Answer 40

Synovial fluid

Question 41

What type of arthritis? - inflammation of the synovial membrane - membrane becomes inflames and thickened pain and swelling - may result in bone erosion and joint deformity

Answer 41

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Question 42

What type of joint? - biaxial - reciprocally concave/convex (resembling two horse saddles) - fit together because one surface is rotated at 90 degree angle to the other - EX: thumb and carpometacarpal pollicis

Answer 42

Saddle Joints

Question 43

What type of joint? - uniaxial - some rotation possible but limited by surrounding structures - EX: intervertebral

Answer 43

Plane or Gliding Joints

Question 44

What type of joint? - Combination plane and ellipsoid joint

Answer 44

Temporomandibular Joint

Question 45

What joint has these movements? - depression - elevation - excursion - protraction - retraction

Answer 45

Temporomandibular Joint

Question 46

What joint? - fibrocartilage disk divides joint into superior and inferior cavities - TMJ disorders - cause of most chronic orofacial pain

Answer 46

Temporomandibular Joint

Question 47

What type of joint is the hip (coxal) joint?

Answer 47

ball-and-socket

Question 48

What type of joint has these movements? - flexion - extension - abduction - adduction - rotation - circumduction

Answer 48

Hip (coxal) joint

Question 49

Is the hip (coxal) joint more or less stable than the shoulder joint?

Answer 49

more

Question 50

Is the hip (coxal) joint more or less mobile than the shoulder joint?

Answer 50

less

Question 51

Acetabulum deepened by what three things?

Answer 51

Fibrocartilage Acetabular Labrum Transverse Acetabular Ligament