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Anatomy 213 > Chapter Twelve: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter Twelve: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the second…vertebra

A

lumbar

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2
Q

What are the four parts of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
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3
Q

The spinal cord gives rise to…pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

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4
Q

What part of the spinal cord?
- supplies upper limbs

A

Cervical Enlargement

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5
Q

What part of the spinal cord?
- supplies lower limbs

A

Lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargement

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6
Q

What part of the spinal cord?
- tapered inferior end; extends to level of 2nd lumbar vertebrae

A

Condus Medullaris

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7
Q

What part of the spinal cord?
- origins of spinal nerves extending inferiorly from lumbosacral enlargement and conus medullaris

A

Cauda Equina

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8
Q

Meninges of the spinal cord are…membranes surrounding the spinal cord and brain

A

connective tissue

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9
Q

What are the three parts of meninges of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Arachnoid Mater
  3. Pia Mater
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10
Q

What part of the meninges of the spinal cord?
- continuous with epineurium of the spinal nerves; forms thecal sac

A

Dura Mater

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11
Q

What part of the Dura Mater is this?
- surrounds spinal cord; extends from foramen magnum to 2nd sacral vertebrae

A

Thecal Sac

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12
Q

What part of the meninges of the spinal cord?
- thin and wispy

A

Arachnoid Mater

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13
Q

What part of the meninges of the spinal cord?
- bound tightly to surface of brain and spinal cord

A

Pia Mater

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14
Q

What are the two parts of Pia Mater?

A
  1. Filum Terminale
  2. Denticulate Ligaments
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15
Q

What part of the Pia Mater?
- anchors spinal cord to coccyx

A

Filum Terminale

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16
Q

What part of the Pia Mater?
- attach the spinal cord to the dura mater

A

Denticulate Ligaments

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17
Q

What are the three spaces of the meninges of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Epidural
  2. Subdural
  3. Subarachnoid
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18
Q

What space of the meninges of the spinal cord?
- contains blood vessels, areolar connective tissue and fat

A

Epidural

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19
Q

What space of the meninges of the spinal cord?
- serous fluid

A

Subdural

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20
Q

What space of the meninges of the spinal cord?
- CSF and blood vessels within web-like strands of arachnoid tissue

A

Subarachnoid

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21
Q

What type of anesthesia?
- injected into epidural space; often used during childbirth
- drugs must diffuse into CSF before they take effect
- advantage: drugs can be re-administered via catheter to maintain longer anesthesia

A

Epidural Anesthesia

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22
Q

What type of anesthesia?
- injected into subarachnoid space at L3/L4 or L4/L5
- drugs administered directly into CSF

A

Spinal Anesthesia

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23
Q

What type of Ligament of the spinal cord?
- extensions of the pia mater that attach to the dura mater
- limit lateral movement of the spinal cord

A

Denticulate Ligaments

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24
Q

What type of terminale?
- connective tissue strand that anchors conus medullaris and thecal sac to the first coccygeal vertebra
- about 20cm in length
- limits superior movement

A

Filum Terminale

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25
What type of matter? - myelinated axons organized into columns
White Matter
26
What are the three columns of the white matter?
1. Ventral 2. Dorsal 3. Lateral
27
What type of matter? - neuron, cell, cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons
Gray Matter
28
What are the three horns of the gray matter?
1. Anterior 2. Posterior 3. Lateral
29
What part of the cross-section of the spinal cord? - spinal nerves arise as rootlets then combine to form roots
Roots
30
What are the two types of roots?
Dorsal and Ventral
31
Two roots merge laterally and form what nerve?
Spinal Nerve
32
What is this? - collections of cell bodies of pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons forming dorsal roots
Dorsal Root Ganglion
33
Motor neuron cell bodies are in anterior and lateral horns of spinal cord...matter
Gray
34
What kind of neurons are found within the anterior motor horn?
Mulipolar Somatic Motor Neurons
35
What kind of neurons are found within the lateral horn?
Autonomic Neurons
36
Axons of motor neurons form...and pass into spinal nerves
ventral roots
37
A...is the basic functional unit of nervous system and simplest portion capable of receiving a stimulus and producing a response
Reflex Arc
38
An automatic response to a stimulus that occurs without conscious thought is considered to be...
Homeostatic
39
What are the five components of reflexes?
1. Sensory Receptors 2. Sensory Neuron 3. Interneurons 4. Motor Neuron 5. Effector Organ
40
What are the two types of reflexes?
Monosynaptic and Polysynaptic
41
What type of reflex? - sensory neurons synapse directly with motor neurons
Monosynaptic
42
What type of reflex? - multiple synapses with interneurons
Polysynaptic
43
Some reflexes involve excitatory neurons yielding a response; some involve...neurons that prevent an action
inhibitory
44
Higher brain centers can influence, suppress, or exaggerate...responses
reflex
45
Muscles contract in response to a...force applied to them - no interneuron
stretching
46
What kind of spindle? - specialized muscle cells that respond to stretch
Muscle Spindle
47
Muscle spindle is innervated by motor neurons called...
gamma motor neurons
48
Gamma motor neurons control sensitivity of...
muscle spindle
49
...neurons innervate the non-contractile centers of the muscle spindle fibers
Sensory
50
Sensory neurons synapse with motor neurons of the spinal cord called...which in turn innervate the muscle in which the muscle spindle is embedded
alpha motor neurons
51
The...tendon reflex prevents contracting muscles from applying excessive tension to tendons
Golgi
52
Where is the Golgi Tendon Organ located?
tendon near muscle
53
The Golgi Tendon prevents damage to tendons that could be caused by excessive...
tension
54
The Golgi Tendon Reflex produces a sudden...of the muscles through secretion of inhibitory neurotransmitters by interneurons onto alpha motor neurons
relaxation
55
The function of the withdrawal reflex is to...a body limb or other part from painful stimulus
remove
56
What is this? - causes relaxation of extensor muscle when flexor muscle contracts - also involved in stretch reflex
Reciprocal Innervation
57
What is this? - when a withdrawal reflex is initiated in one lower limb, the crossed extensor reflex causes extension of opposite lower limb
Crossed Extensor Reflex
58
What are the three parts of spinal nerves?
1. Axon Bundles 2. Schwann Cells 3. Connective Tissue
59
What are the three parts of spinal nerve connective tissue?
1. Endoneurium 2. Perineurium 3. Epineurium
60
What type of connective tissue of the spinal nerve? - surrounds individual neurons
Endoneurium
61
What type of connective tissue of the spinal nerve? - surrounds axon groups to form fascicles
Perineurium
62
What type of connective tissue of the spinal nerve? - surrounds the entire nerve or funiculus
Epineurium
63
How many pairs of spinal nerves?
31
64
How many cervical pairs of spinal nerves?
8
65
How many thoracic pairs of spinal nerves?
12
66
How many lumbar pairs of spinal nerves?
5
67
How many sacral pairs of spinal nerves?
5
68
How many coccygeal pairs of spinal nerves?
1
69
What pair of spinal nerves exits vertebral column between skull and atlas?
the first pair
70
What pair of spinal nerves exits via the sacral foramina?
the last pair
71
Other spinal nerves exit through...
intervertebral foramina
72
What is this? - area of skin supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves - may provide valuable information regarding the location of nerve damage
Dermatome
73
What are the three branches of spinal nerves?
1. Dorsal Ramus 2. Ventral Ramus 3. Communicating Rami
74
What branch of the spinal nerve? - innervate deep muscles of the trunk responsible for movements of the vertebral column and the connective tissue and skin near the midline of the back
Dorsal Ramus
75
What branch of the spinal nerve? - innervation dependent on region
Ventral Ramus
76
What branch of the spinal nerve? - communicate with sympathetic chain ganglia (associated with sympathetic nervous system)
Communicating Rami
77
Ventral Ramus Thoracic Region: form...that innervate the intercostal muscles and the skin over the thorax
intercostal nerves
78
Ventral Ramus Remaining spinal nerve ventral rami form what five plexuses?
1. Cervical Plexus 2. Brachial Plexus 3. Lumbar Plexus 4. Sacral Plexus 5. Coccygeal Plexus
79
What does the Cervical Plexus consist of?
C1-C4
80
What does the Brachial Plexus consist of?
C5-T1
81
What does the Lumbar Plexus consist of?
L1-L4
82
What does the Sacral Plexus consist of?
L4-S4
83
What does the Coccygeal Plexus consist of?
S4, S5, C0
84
...loops between C1 and C3 - nerves to the infrahyoid muscles branch from this
Ansa Cervicalis
85
What nerve? - From C3-C5 (cervical and brachial plexuses) - innervates diaphragm
Phrenic Nerve
86
What are the five branches/nerves of the brachial plexus?
1. Axillary 2. Radial 3. Musculocutaneous 4. Ulnar 5. Median
87
The axillary nerve provides sensory innervation to the...
shoulder
88
The radial nerve provides sensory innervation to the posterior upper limb and...
hand
89
What is this? - Damage to radial nerve can occur when nerve is compressed between the top of the crutch and the humerus - Symptom: Wrist Drop - Wrist remains permanently flexed because extensors fail to function
Crutch Paralysis
90
Musculocutaneous Nerve provides sensory innervation to lateral surface of...
forearm
91
The ulnar nerve provides sensory innervation to the...side of the hand
medial (ulnar)
92
What is this that relates to the ulnar nerve? - passes by medial epicondyle of humerus close to skin
Funny Bone
93
What is this that relates to the ulnar nerve? - loss of ulnar nerve innervation - loss of wrist flexion and finger extension
Claw Hand
94
The median nerve provides sensory innervation to the...side of the hand (palm)
lateral (radial)
95
What two plexuses are considered together because of their close relationship?
Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses
96
What four major nerves exit and enter the lower limb within the Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses?
1. Obturator 2. Femoral 3. Tibial 4. Common Fibular (Peroneal)
97
The obturator nerve provides sensory innervation to medial aspect of...
thigh
98
The femoral nerve provides sensory innervation to anterior and lateral...leg and foot
thigh/medial
99
The tibial and fibular nerves are bound together within a...sheath for the length of the thigh
Connective Tissue
100
What nerve? - tibial and fibular nerves plus their sheath
Sciatic Nerve
101
What is this called? - sciatic nerve may be compressed against the ischial bone causing the limb to "fall asleep"
Pins and Needles
102
The tibial nerve provides sensory innervation to posterior leg and...surface of the foot
plantar
103
The common fibular (peroneal) nerve provides sensory innervation to anterior and lateral leg and...of the foot
dorsum

Anatomy 213 (14 decks)

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