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Anatomy 213 > Chapter Thirteen: Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter Thirteen: Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What is this?
- part of the CNS contained in the cranial cavity
- control center for many of body’s functions

A

Brain

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2
Q

What are the four parts of the brain?

A

Brain stem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum

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3
Q

What part of the brain is this?
- connects spinal cord to brain; integration of reflexes necessary for survival

A

Brain stem

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4
Q

What part of the brain is this?
- involved in control of locomotion, balance, posture

A

Cerebellum

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5
Q

What part of the brain is this?
- involved in many relay and homeostatic functions

A

Diencephalon

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6
Q

What part of the brain is this?
- conscious thought, control

A

Cerebrum

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7
Q

What are these?
- part of PNS arise directly from brain
- two pairs arise from cerebrum
- ten pairs arise from brain stem

A

Cranial Nerves

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8
Q

What are the three regions of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

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9
Q

What part of the brainstem?
- continuous with spinal cord, but different in that grey matter is organized into discrete nuclei
- regulates vital reflexes: heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, vomiting
- decussation: fibers decussate (cross over) at inferior portion of the medulla so that each half of the brain controls the opposite half of the body

A

Medulla Oblongata

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10
Q

What part of the brainstem?
- possesses ascending and descending tracts that relay information between cerebrum and cerebellum
- possesses sleep center associated with REM sleep

A

Pons

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11
Q

What part of the brainstem?
- also called mesencephalon
- receives auditory and visual input - involved in visual reflexes
- assists in regulation and coordination of motor activities
- affected by Parkinson’s disease

A

Midbrain

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12
Q

What part of the brainstem is affected by Parkinson’s disease?

A

Midbrain

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13
Q

What part of the brain?
- cortex folded in ridges called folia; white matter resembles a tree (arbor vitae)
- regulates and coordinates motor movement
- coordinates with cerebrum to learn, practice, and plan complex movements

A

Cerebellum

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14
Q

What part of the brain?
- located between brainstem and cerebrum
- involved in many relay and homeostatic functions
- components: thalamus, sub-thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

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15
Q

What part of the Diencephalon?
- sensory relay center
- all sensory information synapses here before projecting to cerebrum
- involved in motor functions, mood modification, emotion regulation

A

Thalamus

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16
Q

What part of the Diencephalon?
- involved in controlling motor function
- several ascending and descending nerve tracts

A

Subthalamus

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17
Q

What part of the Diencephalon?
- Habenula: emotional and visceral responses to odors
- Pineal gland: many be involved in modulation of sleep/wake cycles

A

Epithalamus

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18
Q

What part of the Diencephalon?
- major coordinating center of autonomic nervous system
- mammillary bodies: olfactory reflexes and emotional responses to odors
- Infundibulum: stalk extending from floor; connects hypothalamus to posterior pituitary gland
- link between nervous and endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

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19
Q

What part of the brain?
- largest part of the brain
- composed of right and left hemispheres each of which has the following lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, insula

A

Cerebrum

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20
Q

What part of the epithalamus?
- emotional and visceral responses to odors

A

Habenula

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21
Q

What part of the pithalamus?
- may be involved in modulation of sleep/wake cycles

A

Pineal Gland

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22
Q

What part of the hypothalamus?
- olfactory reflexes and emotional responses to odors

A

mammillary bodies

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23
Q

What part of the hypothalamus?
- stalk extending from floor; connects hypothalamus to posterior pituitary gland
- link between nervous system and endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

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24
Q

What fissure of Cerebrum?
- separates the two hemispheres

A

Longitudinal Fissure

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25
Q

What fissure of Cerebrum?
- separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

A

Lateral Fissure

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26
Q

What sulcus of the Cerebrum?
- separates frontal and parietal lobes

A

Central Sulcus

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27
Q

What is the outer surface of the cerebrum called?

A

Cortex

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28
Q

What are the folds of the cortex called?

A

Gyri

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29
Q

What are the depressions of the cortex called?

A

Sucli

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30
Q

What is this called?
- between the precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) and postcentral gyrus (primary somatic sensory cortex)

A

Central Sulcus

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31
Q

What lobe?
- voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, send of smell, mood, personality and decision making

A

Frontal Lobe

32
Q

What lobe?
- reception and evaluation of sensory information

A

Parietal Lobe

33
Q

What lobe?
- reception and integration of visual input

A

Occipital lobe

34
Q

What lobe?
- reception and evaluation for smell and hearing; memory, abstract thought, judgment
- insula is within this lobe

A

Temporal Lobe

35
Q

What system?
- basic survival functions such as memory, fight or flight response, reproduction, satisfying hunger/thirst, etc
- involved in emotions
- circulate gyrus and hippocampus

A

Limbic System

36
Q

The…is necessary for forming new memories

A

hippocampus

37
Q

Damage to what area is seen in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Hippocampus

38
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue membranes?

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

39
Q

What connective tissue membrane?
- superficial layer

A

Dura Mater

40
Q

What connective tissue membrane?
- thin, wispy layer

A

Arachnoid Mater

41
Q

What connective tissue membrane?
- thin, delicate connective tissue membrane closely adhered to brain

A

Pia Mater

42
Q

What are the two types of spaces?

A

Subdural and Subarachnoid

43
Q

What space?
- contains serous fluid

A

Subdural

44
Q

What space?
- contains blood vessels and CSF

A

Subarachnoid

45
Q

What part of the Dura Mater?
- in longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Falx Cerebri

46
Q

What part of the Dura Mater?
- between cerebellum and cerebrum

A

Tentorium Cerebelli

47
Q

What part of the Dura Mater?
- between the two cerebellar hemispheres

A

Falx Cerebelli

48
Q

What forms at the bases of the three folds in the dura mater?

A

Venous Sinuses

49
Q

How many ventricles are within the brain?

A

4

50
Q

What is within the four ventricles?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

51
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) bathes the brain and spinal cord and provides protective cushion for…

A

CNS

52
Q

What is this?
- produce CSF which fills ventricles, subarachnoid space, and central canal of spinal cord

A

Choroid Plexus

53
Q

What barrier?
- endothelial cells of capillaries attached by tight junctions, so substances cannot pass between cells
- substances must pass through cells, making the barrier very selective

A

Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier
(blood-brain barrier)

54
Q

What step of flow of CSF?
- CSF is produced in the 4 ventricles

A

1

55
Q

What step of flow of CSF?
- CSF flows through ventricles and exits fourth ventricle

A

2

56
Q

What step of flow of CSF?
- CSF enters subarachnoid space or central canal of spinal cord

A

3

57
Q

What step of flow of CSF?
- CSF flows from subarachnoid space into superior sagittal sinus - venous circulation

A

4

58
Q

What percent of blood pumped by the heart goes to brain?

A

15-20%

59
Q

Interruption of blood supply to the brain can cause what two things?

A

Unconsciousness
Irreversible Brain Damage

60
Q

What two things does the brain receive blood through?

A

Internal Carotids
Vertebral Arteries

61
Q

What are the three functions of cranial nerves?

A

Sensory
Somatic Motor
Parasympathetic Motor

62
Q

What function of the cranial nerves?
- special or general

A

Sensory

63
Q

What function of the cranial nerves?
- control of skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Motor

64
Q

What function of the cranial nerves?
- regulation of glands, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle

A

Parasympathetic Motor

65
Q

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral?
- sensory
- special senses: smell
- Damage: Lost sense of smell

A

Olfactory (CN I)

66
Q

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral?
- sensory
- special senses: vision
- damage: blindness and affected side

A

Optic (CN II)

67
Q

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral?
- Somatic Motor and Parasympathetic
- Motor Functions
- 4 muscles that move eyeball
- Levator palpebral - raises eyelid
- Parasympathetic Functions
- Smooth muscle in eyelid
- Regulate pupil size and lens shape
- Damage
- Drooping of the eyelid
- Eye drifts downward and outward
- Loss of pupillary constriction

A

Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)

68
Q

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral?
- Somatic Motor
- Function:
- 1 muscle that moves eyeball
- Damage: loss of eye movement control

A

Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)

69
Q

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral?
- Somatic Motor and Sensory
- Motor
- muscles of mastication (chewing)
- one middle ear muscle
- one palatine muscle
- two throat muscles
- Proprioception
- temporomandibular joint, tongue, and cheek
- Sensory
- scalp, face, mouth/throat
- Damage
- inhibited chewing
- loss of sensation in face

A

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

70
Q

What cranial nerve? Roman numerals?
- Somatic Motor
- one eye muscle - lateral rectus
- abducts eye
- Damage: eye deviates medially, often results in double vision

A

Abducens Nerve (CNS VI)

71
Q

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral?
- Somatic motor, sensory, and parasympathetic
- Sensory
- taste from anterior two-thirds of tongue
- Motor
- muscles of facial expressions
- two hyoid muscles
- small muscle in the middle ear
- Parasympathetic
- submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
- lacrimal gland
Damage:
- facial palsy
- loss of taste sensation on the anterior two-thirds of tongue
- decreased salivation

A

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

72
Q

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral?
- Sensory
- Cochlear nerve - hearing
- Vestibular nerve - balance
- Damage
- loss of hearing (cochlear nerve)
- loss of balance and equilibrium
- nausea, vertigo, vomiting (vestibular nerve)

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)

73
Q

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral?
- Sensory motor, and parasympathetic
- Sensory
- taste from posterior one-third of tongue
- monitors blood pressure and CO2/O2 levels
- Motor
- pharyngeal muscle
- Parasympathetic
- parotid salivary gland
- Damage
- difficulty swallowing
- loss of taste sensation in posterior one-third of tongue
- decreased salivation

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

74
Q

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral?
- Sensory, motors and parasympathetic
- Sensory
- inferior pharynx, larynx, thoracic and abdominal organs
- sense of taste from posterior tongue
- Motor
- soft palate, pharynx, intrinsic laryngeal muscles (voice production), and tongue muscle
- Parasympathetic
- abdominal and thoracic viscera
- Damage
- Difficulty swallowing
- Hoarseness and loss of normal speech
- Uvula deviates away from side of the dysfunction

A

Vagus Nerve (CN X)

75
Q

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral?
- Motor
- sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
- Damage
- difficulty elevating the scapula or rotating the neck

A

Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

76
Q

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral?
- Motor
- intrinsic tongue muscles
- three of the four extrinsic tongue muscles
- thyrohyoid and the geniohyoid muscles
- Damage
- when protruded, tongue deviated toward the side of the damaged nerve

A

Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)

Anatomy 213 (14 decks)

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