Chapter Thirteen: Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards by Ireland Whitaker

What is this?
- part of the CNS contained in the cranial cavity
- control center for many of body’s functions

Brain

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What are the four parts of the brain?

Brain stem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum

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What part of the brain is this?
- connects spinal cord to brain; integration of reflexes necessary for survival

Brain stem

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What part of the brain is this?
- involved in control of locomotion, balance, posture

Cerebellum

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What part of the brain is this?
- involved in many relay and homeostatic functions

Diencephalon

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What part of the brain is this?
- conscious thought, control

Cerebrum

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What are these?
- part of PNS arise directly from brain
- two pairs arise from cerebrum
- ten pairs arise from brain stem

Cranial Nerves

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What are the three regions of the brainstem?

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

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What part of the brainstem?
- continuous with spinal cord, but different in that grey matter is organized into discrete nuclei
- regulates vital reflexes: heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, vomiting
- decussation: fibers decussate (cross over) at inferior portion of the medulla so that each half of the brain controls the opposite half of the body

Medulla Oblongata

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What part of the brainstem?
- possesses ascending and descending tracts that relay information between cerebrum and cerebellum
- possesses sleep center associated with REM sleep

Pons

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What part of the brainstem?
- also called mesencephalon
- receives auditory and visual input - involved in visual reflexes
- assists in regulation and coordination of motor activities
- affected by Parkinson’s disease

Midbrain

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What part of the brainstem is affected by Parkinson’s disease?

Midbrain

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What part of the brain?
- cortex folded in ridges called folia; white matter resembles a tree (arbor vitae)
- regulates and coordinates motor movement
- coordinates with cerebrum to learn, practice, and plan complex movements

Cerebellum

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What part of the brain?
- located between brainstem and cerebrum
- involved in many relay and homeostatic functions
- components: thalamus, sub-thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

Diencephalon

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What part of the Diencephalon?
- sensory relay center
- all sensory information synapses here before projecting to cerebrum
- involved in motor functions, mood modification, emotion regulation

Thalamus

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What part of the Diencephalon?
- involved in controlling motor function
- several ascending and descending nerve tracts

Subthalamus

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What part of the Diencephalon?
- Habenula: emotional and visceral responses to odors
- Pineal gland: many be involved in modulation of sleep/wake cycles

Epithalamus

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What part of the Diencephalon?
- major coordinating center of autonomic nervous system
- mammillary bodies: olfactory reflexes and emotional responses to odors
- Infundibulum: stalk extending from floor; connects hypothalamus to posterior pituitary gland
- link between nervous and endocrine system

Hypothalamus

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What part of the brain?
- largest part of the brain
- composed of right and left hemispheres each of which has the following lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, insula

Cerebrum

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What part of the epithalamus?
- emotional and visceral responses to odors

Habenula

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What part of the pithalamus?
- may be involved in modulation of sleep/wake cycles

Pineal Gland

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What part of the hypothalamus?
- olfactory reflexes and emotional responses to odors

mammillary bodies

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What part of the hypothalamus?
- stalk extending from floor; connects hypothalamus to posterior pituitary gland
- link between nervous system and endocrine system

Hypothalamus

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What fissure of Cerebrum?
- separates the two hemispheres

Longitudinal Fissure

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What fissure of Cerebrum? - separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

Lateral Fissure

What sulcus of the Cerebrum? - separates frontal and parietal lobes

Central Sulcus

What is the outer surface of the cerebrum called?

Cortex

What are the folds of the cortex called?

Gyri

What are the depressions of the cortex called?

Sucli

What is this called? - between the precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) and postcentral gyrus (primary somatic sensory cortex)

Central Sulcus

What lobe? - voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, send of smell, mood, personality and decision making

Frontal Lobe

What lobe? - reception and evaluation of sensory information

Parietal Lobe

What lobe? - reception and integration of visual input

Occipital lobe

What lobe? - reception and evaluation for smell and hearing; memory, abstract thought, judgment - insula is within this lobe

Temporal Lobe

What system? - basic survival functions such as memory, fight or flight response, reproduction, satisfying hunger/thirst, etc - involved in emotions - circulate gyrus and hippocampus

Limbic System

The…is necessary for forming new memories

hippocampus

Damage to what area is seen in Alzheimer’s disease?

Hippocampus

What are the three types of connective tissue membranes?

Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater

What connective tissue membrane? - superficial layer

Dura Mater

What connective tissue membrane? - thin, wispy layer

Arachnoid Mater

What connective tissue membrane? - thin, delicate connective tissue membrane closely adhered to brain

Pia Mater

What are the two types of spaces?

Subdural and Subarachnoid

What space? - contains serous fluid

Subdural

What space? - contains blood vessels and CSF

Subarachnoid

What part of the Dura Mater? - in longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemispheres

Falx Cerebri

What part of the Dura Mater? - between cerebellum and cerebrum

Tentorium Cerebelli

What part of the Dura Mater? - between the two cerebellar hemispheres

Falx Cerebelli

What forms at the bases of the three folds in the dura mater?

Venous Sinuses

How many ventricles are within the brain?

What is within the four ventricles?

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) bathes the brain and spinal cord and provides protective cushion for…

CNS

What is this? - produce CSF which fills ventricles, subarachnoid space, and central canal of spinal cord

Choroid Plexus

What barrier? - endothelial cells of capillaries attached by tight junctions, so substances cannot pass between cells - substances must pass through cells, making the barrier very selective

Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier (blood-brain barrier)

What step of flow of CSF? - CSF is produced in the 4 ventricles

What step of flow of CSF? - CSF flows through ventricles and exits fourth ventricle

What step of flow of CSF? - CSF enters subarachnoid space or central canal of spinal cord

What step of flow of CSF? - CSF flows from subarachnoid space into superior sagittal sinus - venous circulation

What percent of blood pumped by the heart goes to brain?

15-20%

Interruption of blood supply to the brain can cause what two things?

Unconsciousness Irreversible Brain Damage

What two things does the brain receive blood through?

Internal Carotids Vertebral Arteries

What are the three functions of cranial nerves?

Sensory Somatic Motor Parasympathetic Motor

What function of the cranial nerves? - special or general

Sensory

What function of the cranial nerves? - control of skeletal muscles

Somatic Motor

What function of the cranial nerves? - regulation of glands, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle

Parasympathetic Motor

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral? - sensory - special senses: smell - Damage: Lost sense of smell

Olfactory (CN I)

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral? - sensory - special senses: vision - damage: blindness and affected side

Optic (CN II)

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral? - Somatic Motor and Parasympathetic - Motor Functions - 4 muscles that move eyeball - Levator palpebral - raises eyelid - Parasympathetic Functions - Smooth muscle in eyelid - Regulate pupil size and lens shape - Damage - Drooping of the eyelid - Eye drifts downward and outward - Loss of pupillary constriction

Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral? - Somatic Motor - Function: - 1 muscle that moves eyeball - Damage: loss of eye movement control

Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral? - Somatic Motor and Sensory - Motor - muscles of mastication (chewing) - one middle ear muscle - one palatine muscle - two throat muscles - Proprioception - temporomandibular joint, tongue, and cheek - Sensory - scalp, face, mouth/throat - Damage - inhibited chewing - loss of sensation in face

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

What cranial nerve? Roman numerals? - Somatic Motor - one eye muscle - lateral rectus - abducts eye - Damage: eye deviates medially, often results in double vision

Abducens Nerve (CNS VI)

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral? - Somatic motor, sensory, and parasympathetic - Sensory - taste from anterior two-thirds of tongue - Motor - muscles of facial expressions - two hyoid muscles - small muscle in the middle ear - Parasympathetic - submandibular and sublingual salivary glands - lacrimal gland Damage: - facial palsy - loss of taste sensation on the anterior two-thirds of tongue - decreased salivation

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral? - Sensory - Cochlear nerve - hearing - Vestibular nerve - balance - Damage - loss of hearing (cochlear nerve) - loss of balance and equilibrium - nausea, vertigo, vomiting (vestibular nerve)

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral? - Sensory motor, and parasympathetic - Sensory - taste from posterior one-third of tongue - monitors blood pressure and CO2/O2 levels - Motor - pharyngeal muscle - Parasympathetic - parotid salivary gland - Damage - difficulty swallowing - loss of taste sensation in posterior one-third of tongue - decreased salivation

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral? - Sensory, motors and parasympathetic - Sensory - inferior pharynx, larynx, thoracic and abdominal organs - sense of taste from posterior tongue - Motor - soft palate, pharynx, intrinsic laryngeal muscles (voice production), and tongue muscle - Parasympathetic - abdominal and thoracic viscera - Damage - Difficulty swallowing - Hoarseness and loss of normal speech - Uvula deviates away from side of the dysfunction

Vagus Nerve (CN X)

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral? - Motor - sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles - Damage - difficulty elevating the scapula or rotating the neck

Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

What cranial nerve? Roman numeral? - Motor - intrinsic tongue muscles - three of the four extrinsic tongue muscles - thyrohyoid and the geniohyoid muscles - Damage - when protruded, tongue deviated toward the side of the damaged nerve

Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)