Chapter Fifteen: The Special Senses Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What are the five special senses?
A
- Olfaction
- Taste
- Visual System
- Hearing
- Balance
2
Q
Olfaction is the sense of…
A
smell
3
Q
Olfactory epithelium is specialized epithelium that is located in the…region of the nasal cavity
A
olfactory
4
Q
Olfactory epithelium contains 10 million…
A
neurons
5
Q
What kind of neurons are replaced every two months?
A
Olfactory
6
Q
Dendrites of olfactory neurons have…ends
A
enlarged
7
Q
…(olfactory hairs) of olfactory neuron embedded in mucus
A
Cilia
8
Q
Odorants dissolve in…and attach to receptors, initiating action potentials in olfactory neurons
A
mucus
9
Q
What are airborne molecules responsible for odors?
A
Odorant
10
Q
Seven primary odors now recognized, but average person can recognize…different odors
A
4000
11
Q
What is this called?
- one chemoreceptor may respond to more than one type of odor
A
Low Specificity
12
Q
What is this called?
- receptors become saturated with odorants
A
Adaptation
13
Q
Olfactory Neuronal Pathways and Cortex
1. Axons of olfactory neurons form olfactory… to olfactory…
A
nerves
bulb
14
Q
Olfactory Neuronal Pathways and Cortex
2. Olfactory…to Olfactory…projects directly to olfactory areas of the cerebrum
A
bulb
tract
15
Q
Olfactory Neuronal Pathways and Cortex
3. Olfactory…areas are involved in complex processing of olfactory stimuli perception
A
cortex
16
Q
What are these?
- specialized sensory structures that detect gustatory stimuli
A
Taste buds
17
Q
What are these?
- bumps on the surface of the tongue
- taste buds are located here
A
Papillae
18
Q
What are the four types of papillae?
A
- Filiform
- Vallate
- Fungiform
- Foliate
19
Q
What type of papillae?
- most numerous; no taste buds
A
Filiform
20
Q
What type of papillae?
- largest; least abundant; have taste buds
A
Vallate
21
Q
What type of papillae?
- have taste buds
A
Fungiform
22
Q
What type of papillae?
- contain most sensitive taste buds; decrease in number with age
A
Foliate
23
Q
What is this?
- supporting cells (surrounding taste (gustatory) cells
A
Taste Buds
24
Q
Taste cells have…(gustatory hairs) extending into taste pores
A
microvilli
25
Taste buds are replaces about every...days
10
26
Tastants dissolve in saliva and ener taste pore - depolarization of taste cells - release...on secondary sensory neurons
neurotransmitters
27
What are the five taste types?
1. Salty
2. Sour
3. Sweet
4. Bitter
5. Umami
28
What taste type?
- results when Na+ diffuses into cell, resulting in depolarization
Salty
29
What taste type?
- results when hydrogen ions (H+) of acids cause depolarization of taste cells
Sour
30
What taste type?
- sensation from sugars, some carbohydrates, and some proteins
Sweet
31
What taste type?
- sensation produced by alkaloids, which are toxic
Bitter
32
What taste type?
- sensation from amino acids such as glutamate (MSG, parmesan cheese, etc)
Umami
33
...(part of VII): carry sensations from anterior two-thirds of tongue (except from circumvallate papillae)
Chorda Tympani
34
What two nerves carry information from posterior one-third tongue, circumvallate papillae, superior pharynx, epiglottis?
CN IX and X
35
Information goes to medulla oblongata - ... - taste area of cortex
thalamus
36
The eye consists of what two things?
Eyeball and Lens
37
What accessory structure of the eye shades and inhibits sweat?
eyebrows
38
What accessory structure of the eye called palpebrae with conjunctiva?
Eyelids
39
What accessory structure of the eye is the space between eyelids?
Palpebral fissure
40
What accessory structure of the eye is lateral and medial, eyelids meet?
Canthi
41
Medial canthus has...with modified sweat and sebaceous glands
Caruncle
42
What is the thin transparent mucous membrane of the eye called?
Conjuctiva
43
What is the inner surface of the eyelids called?
Palpebral Conjunctiva
44
What is the anterior surface of the eye except over pupil?
Bulbar Conjunctiva
45
What is acute contagious conjunctivitis called?
Pinkeye
46
Ciliary glands empty into...
hair follicles
47
Meibomian glands at inner margins produce...
sebum
48
A sty on an eyelash forms when ciliary glands become
inflamed
49
A chalazion on an eyelash forms from an infection or blockage of a...
meibomian gland
50
Lacrimal Gland is in charge of the production of...
tears
51
How many rectus muscles are a part of the extrinsic eye?
4
52
How many oblique muscles are a part of the extrinsic eye?
2
53
...test: clinical tests for eye movements
H
54
What are the three tunics of the eye?
1. Fibrous
2. Vascular
3. Nervous
55
What tunic of the eye?
- sclera and cornea
Fibrous
56
What tunic of the eye?
- choroid, ciliary body, iris
Vascular
57
What tunic of the eye?
- retina
Nervous
58
What is this?
- white outer layer
- maintains shape, protects internal structure, provides muscle attachment point
- continuous with cornea
- dense collagenous connective tissue with elastic fibers
Sclera
59
What is this?
- connective tissue matrix containing collagen, elastic fibers, and proteoglycans
- layer of stratified squamous epithelium on the outer surface
- avascular, transparent, allows light to enter eye; bends and refracts light
- extensive injury - tissue deposition - opaque lens
Cornea
60
What is this?
- colored part of the eye; controls light entering the pupil
Iris
61
Is the sphincter pupillae sympathetic or parasympathetic?
parasympathetic
62
Is the dilator pupillae sympathetic or parasympathetic?
sympathetic
63
What part of the vascular tunic produces aqueous humor that fills anterior chamber?
Ciliary Body
64
What part of the vascular tunic is deep to sclera; very thin, pigmented?
Choroid
65
What part of the retina is outer, pigmented simple cuboidal epithelium?
Pigmented Retina
66
What part of the retina is inner layer of rod and cone cells sensitive to light?
Sensory Retina
67
What is the small yellow spot of the retina?
Macula Lutea
68
What is the area of greatest visual acuity; photoreceptor cells tightly packed in the retina?
Fovea Centralis
69
What is the blind spot of the retina?
Optic Disc
70
What compartment of the eye is anterior to the lens; filled with aqueous humor?
Anterior Compartment
71
What chamber of the eye is between the cornea and iris?
anterior chamber
72
What chamber of the eye is between the iris and lens?
posterior chamber
73
Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary process; return to venous circulation through the canal of...
Schlemm
74
What is it called when there is an abnormal increase in intraocular pressure?
Glaucoma
75
Vitreous chamber is posterior to the lens of the eye and is filled with jelly-like...
vitreous humor
76
The lens is held by...ligaments attached to ciliary muscles
suspensory
77
The lens changes shape as...muscles contract and relax
ciliary
78
What is the clouding of the lens called?
Cataract
79
What is the bending of light called?
Refraction
80
What is light striking a convex surface called?
Convergence
81
What is the point where light rays converge and cross?
Focal Point
82
What is causing light to converge called?
Focusing
83
The lens ultimately changes shape and adjusts the focal point on the...
retina
84
What is the normal resting condition of lens called?
Emmetropia
85
What is the point at which lens does not have to thicken to focus?
Far point of vision
86
What are the three parts of focusing?
1. Accommodation
2. Pupil Constriction
3. Convergence
87
What pigment is the retina filled with?
Melanin
88
What protein changes shape when struck by light?
Rhodopsin
89
Retinal is derived from...
Vitamin A
90
Rods are unusual sensory cells: when not stimulated they are...
depolarized
91
Light causes rods to...
hyperpolarize
92
Cones are responsible for...vision
color
93
What results from dysfunction of one or more cones?
Color blindness
94
What part of the external ear?
- elastic cartilage covered with skin
Auricle
95
What part of the external ear?
- sound waves cause it to vibrate
- border between external and middle ear
Tympanic Membrane
96
What tube of the middle ear opens into pharynx to equalize pressure?
Auditory Tube
97
What are the three ossicles of the middle ear?
1. Malleus
2. Incus
3. Stapes
98
What are the three bony parts of the inner ear that go with balance and hearing?
Vestibule
Semicircular
Cochlea
99
...communicates with vestibule which communicates with the scala vestibuli of the cochlea
Oval Window
100
What part of the inner ear?
- extends from oval window to helicotrema at cochlear apex
Scala Vestibuli
101
What part of the inner ear?
- extends from helicotrema to round window
Scala Tympani
102
Wall of scala vestibuli is...
vestibular membrane
103
Wall of scala tympani is...
basilar membrane
104
What is the space in the inner ear that is between vestibular and basilar membranes?
Cochlear Duct
105
What part of the inner ear had cells in cochlear duct?
Spiral organ
106
What part of the inner ear?
- stereocilia of one inner hair cell
Hair bundle
107
What part of the inner?
- attaches tip of each stereocilium in a hair bundle to the side of the next longer stereocilium
Tip link
108
What part of balance?
- elevates position of head relative to gravity
- detects linear acceleration and deceleration (as in a car)
Static Labyrinth
109
What part of balance?
- evaluates movement of the head in three dimensional space
Kinetic Labyrinth
110
What part of the static labyrinth is specialized epithelium of supporting columnar cells and hair cells with numerous stereocilia (microvilli) and one cilium (kinocilium) embedded in gelatinous mass weighted by otoliths?
Macula
111
Utricle has macula oriented parallel to base of...
skull
112
Saccule has macula oriented perpendicular to base of...
skull
113
Gelatinous mass moves in response to..., bending hair cells and initiating action potentials
gravity
114
...stimulate hair cells with varying frequencies
Otoliths
115
Patterns of...translated by brain into specific information about head position or acceleration
stimulation
116
What are the three semicircular canals filled with endolymph?
Transverse plane
Coronal plane
Sagittal plane
117
Base of each canal is expanded into...with sensory epithelium (crista ampullaris)
ampulla
118
...is suspended over crista hair cells and acts as a float displaced by fluid movements within semicircular canals
Cupula
