Chapter Fourteen: Integration of Nervous System Function

Question 1

Sensation is the means by which brain receives…about environment and body

Answer 1

information

Question 2

What is this?
- stimuli acting on sensory receptors

Answer 2

Sensation

Question 3

What is this?
- conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors (not all sensations are perceived)

Answer 3

Perception

Question 4

What is this?
- interpretation/comprehension of stimuli by cerebral cortex

Answer 4

Cognition

Question 5

Stimuli originating either inside or outside of the body must be detected by…

Answer 5

Sensory Receptors

Question 6

Stimuli are converted into…

Answer 6

Action Potentials

Question 7

Action potentials are propagated to the…by nerves

Answer 7

CNS

Question 8

Within the CNS,…convey action potentials to the cerebral cortex and to other areas of the CNS

Answer 8

nerve tracts

Question 9

Action potentials reaching the cerebral cortex are…so the person can be aware of the stimulus

Answer 9

translated

Question 10

What kind of sense?
- distributed over large part of body

Answer 10

General

Question 11

What are the two types of General Senses?

Answer 11

Somatic and Visceral

Question 12

What General Sense?
- information about the body and environment: touch, pressure, temperature, proprioception, pain

Answer 12

Somatic

Question 13

What General Sense?
- information about internal organs: pain and pressure

Answer 13

Visceral

Question 14

What type of Sense?
- smell, taste, sight, hearing, balance

Answer 14

Special Sense

Question 15

What receptor?
- compression, bending, stretching of cells
- touch pressure proprioception, hearing, and balance

Answer 15

Mechanoreceptors

Question 16

What receptor?
- respond to chemicals
- smell and taste

Answer 16

Chemoreceptors

Question 17

What receptor?
- respond to changes in temperature

Answer 17

Thermoreceptors

Question 18

What receptor?
- respond to light
- vision

Answer 18

Photoreceptors

Question 19

What receptor?
- extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli
- pain

Answer 19

Nociceptors

Question 20

What receptor?
- associated with skin (exteroceptors)

Answer 20

Cutaneous Receptors

Question 21

What receptor?
- associated with organs

Answer 21

Visceroreceptors

Question 22

What receptor?
- associated with joints, tendons, and other connective tissue

Answer 22

Proprioceptors

Question 23

What receptor structure?
- simplest and most common sensory receptor
- relatively unspecialized neuronal branches similar to dendrites
- detect pain, temperature, itch, and movement
- temperature detection
- Cold receptors: 10-15 times more numerous than warm
- Warm receptors
- Pain receptors: respond to extreme cold or heat

Answer 23

Free Nerve Endings

Question 24

What receptor structure?
- light touch and superficial pressure
- axonal branches end as flattened expansions, each associated with a specialized epithelial cell
- located in basal layers of epidermis
- capable of detecting skin displacement of less than 1 mm

Answer 24

Merkel Disks

Question 25

What receptor structure? - “hair end organs” - respond to slight bending of hair as occurs in light touch - hair follicle receptor fields overlap, so sensation is not very localized, yet very sensitive

Answer 25

Hair Follicle Receptors

Question 26

What receptor structure? - single dendrite extends to each corpuscle covered in connective tissue layers like an onion - located deep in the dermis or hypodermis - detect deep cutaneous pressure or vibration - when associated with joints, involved in proprioception

Answer 26

Pacinian Corpuscles

Question 27

What receptor structure? - involved in two-point discrimination - ability to detect simultaneous stimulations in two distinct receptor fields at two points on the skin - used to determined texture of objects - numerous and close together on places like tongue and fingertips

Answer 27

Meissner Corpuscles

Question 28

What receptor structure? - primarily in dermis of fingers - respond to continuous touch or pressure and to stretch of adjacent skin

Answer 28

Ruffini End Organ

Question 29

What receptor structure? - 3-10 specialized skeletal muscle cells - provide information about length of muscles - involved in stretch reflex

Answer 29

Muscle Spindles

Question 30

What receptor structure? - proprioceptors associated with tendons - respond to increased tension on tendon - golgi tendon reflex

Answer 30

Golgi Tendon Organ

Question 31

What is this called? - results form interaction of sensory receptor

Answer 31

Graded Potential

Question 32

Graded potential is called a generator potential or a…

Answer 32

receptor

Question 33

What does a receptor potential need to reach in order for an action potential to be produced?

Answer 33

Threshold

Question 34

Primary or Secondary Receptor? - axons conduct action potentials in response to receptor potential

Answer 34

Primary Receptor

Question 35

Primary or Secondary Receptor? - cause release of neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on a neuron causing a receptor potential - smell, taste, hearing, balance

Answer 35

Secondary Receptor

Question 36

What is a decreased sensitivity to a continues stimulus called?

Answer 36

Adaptation

Question 37

What type of receptor provides information about the precise position and the rate of movement of various body parts, the weight of an object being held in the hand and the range of movement of a joint?

Answer 37

Proprioceptors

Question 38

What are the two types of Proprioceptors?

Answer 38

Tonic and Phasic Receptors

Question 39

What type of proprioceptor? - generate action potentials as long as stimulus is applied; adapt very slowly - EX: knowing where your little finger is without looking

Answer 39

Tonic Receptors

Question 40

What type of proprioceptor? - most sensitive to changes in stimuli because they adapt very rapidly - EX: knowing where your hand is as it moves

Answer 40

Phasic Receptor

Question 41

What cortex? - posterior to the central sulcus - postecentral gyrus - general sensory input: pain, pressure, temperature

Answer 41

Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex

Question 42

What area? - inferior end of post central gyrus

Answer 42

Taste Area

Question 43

What cortex? - inferior surface of temporal lobe

Answer 43

Olfactory Cortex

Question 44

What cortex? - superior part of temporal lobe

Answer 44

Primary auditory cortex

Question 45

What cortex? - occipital lobe

Answer 45

Visual Cortex

Question 46

What type of areas are involved in the process of recognition?

Answer 46

Association Areas

Question 47

What sensory? - posterior to primary somatic sensory cortex

Answer 47

Somatic Sensory

Question 48

What association? - anterior to visual cortex - present visual information compared to past information

Answer 48

Visual association

Question 49

Referred pain is a sensation in a region of the body that is not the source of the…

Answer 49

stimulus

Question 50

Organ pain is usually referred to the…

Answer 50

skin

Question 51

Both the organ and that region of the skin input the same spinal segment and converge the same ascending…

Answer 51

neurons

Question 52

What gyrus? - primary motor cortex

Answer 52

Precentral Gyrus

Question 53

What area? - anterior to primary motor cortex - motor functions organized before initiation

Answer 53

Premotor Area

Question 54

What area? - motivation, foresight to plan and initiate movement, emotional behavior, mood

Answer 54

Prefrontal

Question 55

What side of the brain? - controls muscular activity and receives sensory information from left side of body

Answer 55

Right

Question 56

What side of the brain? - controls muscular activity and receives sensory information from the right side of the body

Answer 56

Left

Question 57

Sensory information of both hemispheres shared through commissures:…

Answer 57

Corpus Callosum

Question 58

What side of the brain is in charge of mathematics and speech?

Answer 58

Left

Question 59

What side of the brain is in charge of three-dimensional or spatial perception, recognition of faces, musical ability?

Answer 59

Right

Question 60

Areas involved in speech are normally in…cerebral cortex

Answer 60

left

Question 61

What area? - sensory speech; understanding what is heard and thinking of what one will say

Answer 61

Wernicke’s Area

Question 62

What area? - motor speech; sending messages to the appropriate muscles to actually make the sounds

Answer 62

Broca’s area

Question 63

What is this? - absent or defective speech or language comprehension - caused by lesion somewhere in the auditory/speech pathway

Answer 63

Aphasia

Question 64

What type of memory? - transient but highly detailed

Answer 64

Working memory

Question 65

What type of memory? - information retained for few seconds to minutes

Answer 65

Short-term memory

Question 66

What type of memory? - declarative or explicit; months or years

Answer 66

Long-term memory

Question 67

What type of memory? - reflexive memory - implicit memory - development of skills such as riding a bike - cerebellum and premotor area

Answer 67

Procedural Memory

Question 68

What type of memory? - explicit memory - retention of facts - controlled by hippocampus (factual memory) and amygdala (emotional)

Answer 68

Declarative memory

Question 69

Long-term potentiation facilitates future transmission of…

Answer 69

action potentials

Question 70

Increase in the number of vesicles containing neurotransmitters or increase in number of receptors on post-synaptic membrane will increase transmission of selected synapses to allow what kind of memory?

Answer 70

short-term memory

Question 71

What is the process of transferring short-term memory to long-term memory?

Answer 71

Consolidation

Question 72

Consolidation is a gradual process involving formation of new and stronger…connections

Answer 72

Synaptic

Question 73

Consolidation is increased by…and association with other memories or strong emotions

Answer 73

repetition

Question 74

The end result of forming long-term memory is changes in the cytoskeleton of the…neuron

Answer 74

postsynaptic

Question 75

What is this? - memory trace - series of neurons and their pattern of activity - involved in long-term retention of information, thoughts, and ideas - repetition and association of the new information with existing memories assist in transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory

Answer 75

Memory engram