Chapter One: The Human Organism Flashcards by Ireland Whitaker

Define anatomy:

The scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure - for example, the shape and size of bones

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Define Developmental Anatomy:

Studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood

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Define Embryology:

A subspecialty of developmental anatomy, considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development

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Define Cytology

Examines the structural features of cells

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Define Histology:

Examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them

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Define Gross Anatomy:

The study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope, can be approached either systemically or regionally

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Define System:

Group of structures that have one or more common functions such as the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, skeletal, or the muscular system

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Define Surface Anatomy:

Looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body - for example; ribs and sternum

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What is Anatomical Imaging?

Uses radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures

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Define Physiology:

Scientific investigation of the process or functions of living things (examining the body’s response to stimuli and the body’s maintenance of stable internal conditions in a constantly changing environment

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Define Cell Physiology:

processes occurring in cells
EX: energy production from food

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What is Systemic Physiology?

Examines and considers the functions of organ systems

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Define Pathology:

The medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from the disease

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What is Exercise Physiology?

Focuses on the changes in function and structure caused by exercise

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Define Differentiation:

Changes in a cell’s structure throughout development

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Define Morphogenesis:

The change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism (a part of development)

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Anatomy Characteristics of Life (6)

Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Development
Reproduction

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What is an X-ray?

Shortwave electromagnetic radiation moves through the body, exposing a photographic plate to form a radiograph. These radiographs create a flat, two-dimensional (2D) image

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What is an Ultrasound?

Uses high-frequency sound waves, which strikes internal organs and bounce back to the receiver on the skin

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What is a Computer Tomography (CT) Scan?

Computer-analyzed x-ray images
1. some computers are able to take several scans and stack them to make a 3D image
2. 3D X-ray

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What is a Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)?

A radiopaque dye is injected into the blood

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What is a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?

Directs radio waves at a person laying inside a large electromagnetic field

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What is a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan?

Identifies the metabolic states of various tissues by having radiation pinpoint cells that are metabolically active (very typical for the brain)

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Anatomy Levels of Organization (6)

Chemical Level
Cell Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
Organ System Level
Organism Level

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Define Homeostasis:

The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body

What is Positive Feedback?

When a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater EX: Blood Clotting

What is Negative Feedback

When any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted

What does a Receptor do in a Feedback Loop?

Monitors the value of a variable by detecting stimuli

What does a Control Center do in a Feedback Loop? What is an example?

Determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable EX: Brain

What does an Effector do in a Feedback Loop?

adjusts the value of a changed variable (changed variable = stimulus)

Supine

Lying face upward

Prone

Lying face downward

Cephalic

Closer to the head

Caudal

Closer to the tail

Ventral

Toward the belly

Dorsal

Toward the back

Front of the body

Posterior

Back of the body

Dorsal Body Cavity

Encloses the organs of the nervous system, the brain, and the spinal cord - Cranial Cavity (Brain) - Vertebral Canal (Spinal Cord)

Ventral Body Cavity

Houses most internal organs - Thoracic Cavity - Abdominopelvic Cavity

Thoracic Cavity

More superior to the abdominopelvic cavity Lateral Pleural Cavities enclose lungs and is surrounded by the ribs Medial Mediastinum houses the heart, major blood vessels, thymus, trachea, and esophagus

What is in the Abdominopelvic Cavity?

Organs in this cavity in the Peritoneal Cavity Super Abdominal Cavity Inferior Pelvic Cavity - Bladder, Urethra, Rectum of Large Intestine, and Reproductive Organs

What are Serous Membranes?

The membranes that are in contact with the walls of the body cavity and surface of internal organs (double layered)

Parietal Serous Membranes

The layer that lines the walls of cavities

Visceral Serous Membrane

Layer covering internal organs

Pericardial Cavity

Space between Parietal and Visceral Membranes Holds Heart and Lungs

Pleural Fluid

Fills the Pericardial Cavity

Peritoneal Cavity

Houses many internal organs, such as the liver, digestive organs, and reproductive organs

Retroperitoneal

Situated or occurring behind the peritoneum

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the Pericardium

Pleurisy

Inflammation of the pleura (withholds the lungs and thorax)

Peritonitis

Inflammation of the Peritoneum (lining the cavity of the abdomen)

What does the Central Region of the body consist of? (3)

Head Neck Trunk

What are the three parts of the trunk?

Thorax Abdomen Pelvis

Thorax (2)

Heart Lungs

Abdomen (3)

Liver Stomach Intestines

Pelvis (2)

Bladder Reproductive Organs

Quadrants of the Abdomen

1. Right-upper quadrant 2. Left-upper quadrant 3. Right-lower quadrant 4. Left-lower quadrant

Shoulder -> Elbow

Arm

Elbow -> Wrist

Forearm

Hip -> Knee

Thigh

Knee -> Ankle

Leg

Sagittal Plane

Separates into right and left

Median Plane

Same as sagittal but directly on the midline

Transverse Plane

Runs parallel to the ground (horizontal)

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves

Longitudinal Section

A cut through the length of the organ

Transverse (cross) Section

A cut at a right angle to the length of an organ

Oblique Section

A cut made across the organ at a slant

Abdomen’s Nine Regions (Left to Right)

1. Right Hypochondriac Region 2. Epigastric Region 3. Left Hypochondriac Region 4. Right Lumbar Region 5. Umbilical Region 6. Left Lumbar Region 7. Right Iliac Region 8. Hypogastric Region 9. Left Iliac Region

What is a variable? Example?

Changes in internal body conditions EX: Body Temperature, Volume, Chemical Content, pH

What System?