Chapter Four

Question 1

Human Microbiome

Answer 1

Community of microbes inside the human body

Question 2

Dysbiosis

Answer 2

Imbalances in the microbiome

Question 3

Microbiota

Answer 3

Collection of organisms within a specific environment (such as the gut)

Question 4

Microbiome

Answer 4

The genes, or genome, of a microbial community

Question 5

Bacteria

Answer 5

The chief inhabitants of the microbiome - single celled microscopic organisms

Question 6

Cocci

Answer 6

Round or spherical shaped bacteria

Question 7

Bacilli

Answer 7

Rod-shaped bacteria

Question 8

Spirilla

Answer 8

Spiral-shaped bacteria

Question 9

Diplococci

Answer 9

Diplococci are cocci that exist in sets of two

Question 10

Staphylococci

Answer 10

Clusters of cocci bacteria

Question 11

Streptococci

Answer 11

Streptococci is chain form of cocci bacteria

Question 12

Pathogen

Answer 12

Microorganism known to cause a disease

Question 13

Portal of Entry

Answer 13

How a pathogen enters the body (ie: a break in the skin or the respiratory tract etc)

Question 14

Micro

Answer 14

Microscopic or small

Question 15

Fungi

Answer 15

Includes molds and yeasts

Question 16

Mycobiome

Answer 16

A community of fungi

Question 17

Archaea

Answer 17

Microscopic, single-celled organisms that, like bacteria, do not contain a nucleus.

Question 18

Capsid

Answer 18

Protein shell that surrounds viral genetic material

Question 19

Capsomeres

Answer 19

Individual structural units forming the viral capsid

Question 20

Capsule

Answer 20

Gelatinous covering that keeps the bacterium from drying out

Question 21

Envelope

Answer 21

Spikey lipid membrane surrounding some viruses

Question 22

Gram Stain

Answer 22

Staining technique used to classify bacteria into one of two groups

Question 23

Microbe

Answer 23

Microscopic organism, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi

Question 24

Peptidoglycan

Answer 24

Substance in a bacterial cell wall; used to help identify bacteria as being gram negative or positive

Question 25

Pili

Answer 25

Small, hair-like projections that allow bacteria to attach to other cells and surfaces

Question 26

Plasmids

Answer 26

Small loops of bacterial DNA that allow DNA to be transferred from one bacterium to another

Question 27

Prebiotic

Answer 27

Foods containing indigestible fibers that nourish and feed healthy bacteria in the gut

Question 28

Probiotic

Answer 28

Supplement containing beneficial live bacteria taken to help seed the gut with health microbes

Question 29

Virus

Answer 29

Ultramicroscopic pathogen consisting of a nucleic acid within a protein shell

Question 30

# What was the goal of the Human Microbiome Project? A) To sequence the human genome B) To identify disease-causing microorganisms C) To identify microorganisms residing within and on healthy adults D) To discover whether bacteria contain DNA

Answer 30

C) To identify microorganisms residing within and on healthy adults

Question 31

# The Human Microbiome Project discovered that healthy adults: A) harbor more bacterial cells than they have human cells B) harbor a signifigant number of bacterial cells but still have more human cells than bacterial cells C) have no bacterials cells, confirming that bacteria cause disease D) harbor very few bacterial cells

Answer 31

A) harbor more bacterial cells than they have human cells

Question 32

# What is the most significant step in microbiome development? A) The introduction of solid food B) Bottle feeding C) Administration of immunizations D) The birth process

Answer 32

D) The birth process

Question 33

# Which statement about the human microbiome is most accurate? A) Every healthy adult carries a mix of microorganisms that is basically similar, except for a few minor variations B) The components of the microbiome are basically the same from one part of the body to another C) The componets of the microbiome vary considerably between sites on the body and between individuals D) A healthy microbiome should be free from any disease-causing bacteria

Answer 33

C) The componets of the microbiome vary considerably between sites on the body and between individuals

Question 34

# Which statement about bacteria is most accurate? A) Bacteria are microscopic cells that contain a nucleus and organelles B) The one consistent feature among all bacterial species is the composition of the cell wall C) Bacteria have the ability to transmit DNA from one bacterium to another D) All bacteria have the same basic shape

Answer 34

C) Bacteria have the ability to transmit DNA from one bacterium to another

Question 35

# What effect do bacterial genes have on human health? A) Bacterial genes exert some effect, although human DNA exerts a greater effect B) Bacterial genes have just as great an influence on human health as human genes do C) Bacteria within the microbiome stay within their own community; therefore, their genes do not influence health D) Bacteria do not have genes

Answer 35

B) Bacterial genes have just as great an influence on human health as human genes do

Question 36

# Importance of the microbiome Essential for normal body function:

Answer 36

-Digest food -Absorb nutients -Prime immune system -Produce vitamins -Play role in energy productions -Guard against disease -Influence mental health

Question 37

Genetic Implications of Microbiome

Answer 37

22,000 Human Genes vs 8,000,000 Microbial Genes

Question 38

# What purpose does the capsule serve in bacteria? A) it gives the cell its shape B) It regulates the flow of materials into and out of the cell C) It synthesizes proteins D) It helps ward off attack by larger microorganisms

Answer 38

D) It helps ward off attack by larger microorganisms

Question 39

# Which statement most accurately discribes viruses? A) Viruses are not cells, but rather, bundles of genetic material surrounded by a protein shell B) Viruses are single-celled mircroscopic organisms that inhabit almost every environment on earth C) Viruses are often catagorized through Gram straining D) Viruses have a cell wall that consists of peptidoglycan

Answer 39

A) Viruses are not cells, but rather, bundles of genetic material surrounded by a protein shell All the other answers describe bacteria!

Question 40

# What is the most common way a person's microbiome can become disrupted? A) Acquistion of a bacterial infection B) Acquisition of a viral infection C) Injestion of alcohol D) Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics

Answer 40

D) Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics An excess of a specific bacteria can disrupt the composition of the microbiome, but, the most common way it is distrupted is through the use of broad spectrum antibiotics.

Question 41

# Imbalances in the microbiome have been linked to which of the following A) Asthma B) Heart Disease C) Obesity D) All of the Above

Answer 41

D) All the Above Imbalances in the microbiome have been linked to a number of disorders, including asthma, hearth disease, and obesity.

Question 42

# Which technology has been shown to be effective in treating *c.Diff? A) Lithotripsy B) Kidney Transplant C) Blood Transplant D) Fecal Transplant

Answer 42

D) Fecal Transplant A major breakthrough in the treatment of this serious infection occurred when researchers transplanted feces from a healthy individual into the intestines of paitents with c.Diff