chapter nineteen

Question 1

religion problems were not of Charles II own making rather it was the

Answer 1

conservative political nation as reflected in palriemant which sought to restore a church that matched their outlook

Question 2

they also chose to ignore the diversity of religious views that had comes about since the

Answer 2

breakdown of the church of Englands authority in the 1640’s

Question 3

Charles and claredon sought a broader church for the one they got , for example they allowed

Answer 3

the Savoy House Conference of 1661 , to convene which was an attempt to reach a compromise at the restoration between Presbyterians and anglicans

Question 4

clerics from each side met to discuss the role of the bishops and prayer book , but

Answer 4

negotiations broke down

Question 5

however it was the cavalier parliament politicians who

Answer 5

reimposed a rigid church model based on their own conservatism
bishops were reinstated in the hol
1000 Presbyterian minsters reigned or were removed

Question 6

the cavalier parliament ordered MP’s to take

Answer 6

communion by anglican rite

Question 7

the Church of England was thus reimposed as a part of

Answer 7

a conservative reaction

Question 8

settlement was a reflection of cavalier or royalist gentry control over the church , with their control they

Answer 8

removed non anglicans
persecuted catholics and protestant dissenters

Question 9

although over 1000 minsters were expelled at the restoration large scale dissent was still a reality :

Answer 9

the church of england could not claim to repress the nation
church had less power to enforce its will because of the removal of the court of high commission and the decline of diocesan courts

Question 10

it was therefore the local elite who had to enforce ocnfimrity but some justices of peace and deputy liteutnats were

Answer 10

dissenters themselves or sympathetic to those who would not conform to the church of England

Question 11

generally dissent was stronger in urban settings whereas

Answer 11

the rural gentry remained more conservative , more typically anglican

Question 12

Charles tried to secure toleration for catholics , there was a lords bill in 1662 to repeal some of the laws against Catholics , allowing catholic priests to register with the Secretary of State , charles strongly

Answer 12

supported the bill but it failed in both the lords and commons since the general public was against any toleration for catholics

Question 13

Charles policy towards protestant dissenters fluctuated with apparent threat , there were repressive measures after the regime came under threat :

Answer 13

the 1663 northern rising led to the 1644 conventicle act , which stated that the religious meeting of five people or more were forbidden , the initial punishment of a fine could on the third occasion reuse in transportation to exile
the second dutch war led to the 1665 five mile act , the five mile act meant that any preacher or teacher who refused the compulsory oaths that were part of the act of conformity 1662 could not go within five miles of any corporate or parish where they had tight
in 1670 a second conventicle act reinforced the persecution of dissenters and Charles even removed some JP’s were judged too lenient in acting against conventicle

Question 14

although the king and claredon wanted a broader church settlement , the restoration religious settlement became paradoxically known as the

Answer 14

claredon code

Question 15

the claredon code included the corporation act 1661 , which prevented

Answer 15

any person holding office in a corporation unless they accepted the terms of the restored code

Question 16

the other measures in the claredon code were

Answer 16

the act of uniformity 1662
the conventicle act 1664
the five mile act 1665

Question 17

nevertheless the restored Church of England was a broader church compared with

Answer 17

Charles I laudian domainated church and some very moderate Presbyterians were absorbed into the restoration church

Question 18

what was also different about the restoration church was that it was , in effect under the control of

Answer 18

parliament rather than the king

Question 19

thus in the years 1660-1688 the cavalier and tory angliciansim of many MP’s led to the

Answer 19

persecution of dissent

Question 20

in both 1667 and 1668 comprehension bills were drafted by indvidual MP’s but they were not presented to the commons because

Answer 20

that body was predominantly against broadening the church settlement any further

Question 21

statistics on dissenter numbers during this period come from the Compton consensus which was ordered by danby in

Answer 21

1676

Question 22

the Compton consensus indicated that there were

Answer 22

100,000 dissenters out of an adult population of 2.25 million in england and Wales

Question 23

however the numbers on the Compton consenus included only those regarded as hard line dissenters it has been estimated that

Answer 23

there was actually around 200,000-300,000

Question 24

much of the anglican reaction to dissent was an over reaction to the knowledge that

Answer 24

dissent was widespread and would be impossible to wipe out

Question 25

the impact of the interregnum and the restoration had actually generally made dissenters less

Answer 25

militant because they turned from focusing on outward political or religious changes to practicing their faith privately

Question 26

for many protestant dissenters , the restoration of the monarch was interpreted as gods judgement on their cause for

Answer 26

dealing to establish godly rule in england after 1649

Question 27

Charles who wanted a more comprehensive church did not seek to have the 1644 coneventicle act renewed , when the act expired in 1688 , dissenters could therefore

Answer 27

meet freely

Question 28

in 1669 as a reaction to the lapsing of the conventicle act , the commons refused to grant Charles a subsidy of 300,000 , this led to a desired outcome, for in

Answer 28

1670 Charles allowed a more rigid conventicle act in return for parliamentary funds

Question 29

on 15 march 1672 Charles issued a declaration of indulgence in england , in it Charles stated his

Answer 29

suspending power in relation to all the penal laws against catholics and dissenters as a consequence if the preacher in charge of a church service had a royal licence , dissenters could worship in public

Question 30

however many were suspicious of Charles intentions with regard to Catholics reinforced bu the alliance with

Answer 30

Catholic france against the dutch

Question 31

parliament protested against the declaration as being unconstitutional , to continue getting parliamentary funds Charles had to

Answer 31

withdraw the declaration and issue a test act in 1673

Question 32

when danby came into power after the collapse of the cabal in 1674 , parliament reverted to a more

Answer 32

rigid policy focusing on support for the church of england , and there was no moves towards toleration so as to decrease the influence of the crown

Question 33

the commons sought to protect what they regarded as the increasing threat of dissent an absolutist france and the threat of

Answer 33

absolutism and catholocism at home

Question 34

in this context , dissent and the declaration of indulgence had a significant impact on the politics of the

Answer 34

exclusion crisis and the subsequent tory reaction

Question 35

Charles attitude was certainly harsh towards the

Answer 35

quakers and baptists , who suffered more than any other dissenting groups

Question 36

Charles was particularly vindictive in his repression of quakers , probably because of how much of a threat they

Answer 36

appeared to represent and memory of the radicalism from the civil wars

Question 37

in 1662 the Quaker act had outlined a series of punishments for quakers ranging from

Answer 37

fines to transportation

Question 38

at least 450 quakers died in prison under Charles Reggie ad at least

Answer 38

15,000 suffered some form of punishment whether fines m imprisonment or transportation

Question 39

the height of persecution came in the early 1670s and early 1680s when several thousand of

Answer 39

dissenters died as a result of persecution

Question 40

the experience of defeat made protestant dissenters more passive , the most obvious and extreme example of this was

Answer 40

the quaker movement which moved from supporting armed struggles in 1659-60 to being an essentially pacifist movement in the 1660s

Question 41

with the removal of James Nayler and the deaths of other leading quaker figures in the 1650s, the quaker movement came increasingly under the influence of

Answer 41

its other leader George fox

Question 42

between august 1659 and the beginning 1660 Fox withdrew from all activity , undergoing something close to a

Answer 42

spiritual nervous breakdown

Question 43

in 1661 the Quakers led by Fox issued their first declaration of ' absolute pacifism ' , this declaration was a result of

Answer 43

their dissilusionment after their political action had failed to have any impact and was an act of self presvervation in the face of the restoration

Question 44

dissent also had a limited appeal after the restoration :

Answer 44

it needed a level of spiritual commitment only a few could manage emphasis on the bible made it inaccessible to the illiterate sermons could be too long for ordinary people as they lasted for hours

Question 45

in contrast , Anglicanism was less demanding :

Answer 45

physical element of service is easier involving activity from the congregation repetive nature more accessible

Question 46

as with the dissenters there was a similar retreat from religious fervour by anglicans that was part of the development of

Answer 46

Latitudinarianism - a belief that reason and person judgement are more useful than church doctrine , developed after 1660

Question 47

adherents of this belief were more in favour of a wider toleration than the

Answer 47

majority anglican view that still held sway win the church , and more markedly across the gentry

Question 48

another factor limiting the impact of dissent was the divison among dissenters , the historian John Miller stresses that although the relationship between the core and dissenters was a major issue continuing into the eighteenth century , the differing dissenters were not

Answer 48

fused into one united group there were significant differences which led to a continuing battle waning presbysterians , independents , baptists and quakers

Question 49

the political views of the majority of republicans during the early restoration period were derived from their religious beliefs particularly for those who

Answer 49

believed in millenarianism

Question 50

Miller argues that the lack of republican activism after 1660 ' might seem strange but doctrine republicans had never been numerous ' and many republicans were also millinerarians :

Answer 50

they were conditioned to see events as gods actions and ' reacted to the restoration with either perplexity or fatalism ' - the millenarian John Miltons response to the situation was to right the poem paradise lost

Question 51

the defeat of millenarianism as a political force was also rooted in a series of

Answer 51

executions and ongoing persecutions

Question 52

local records of the period indicated a range of negative responses to the restoration, a fudamental part of the restoration settlement was thus to

Answer 52

secure the monarchy from the threat of those whom it most readily perceived as posing a threat

Question 53

the man selected as the first regicide to be bought to trial was the millenarian , fifth monarchist ...

Answer 53

Thomas Harrison - part of his defence was that parliament authorised the regicide , but this was dismissed by the court

Question 54

Harrison was found guilty and the court ordered that he suffer the traditional death for treason :

Answer 54

hanging , drawing , quartering

Question 55

in 1662 there were high profile show trials of millenarians non regicides :

Answer 55

Henry Vane John Lambert

Question 56

Vanes refusal to seek marcy show Charles II demanded his death , the jury were starved without food and water till they retuned a guilty verdict , on the day

Answer 56

music was played below the scaffolding so no one was able to hear Vanes last words

Question 57

in contrast Lambert requested mercy and perhaps in the context of growing concern at the impact of continued execution , he was

Answer 57

imprisoned for the next 22 years until his death in 1684

Question 58

alongside these high profile show trials ad executions there was daily persecution of other minor figures o the interregnum that helped

Answer 58

to prevent the re emergence of millenarianism as a political force

Question 59

Charles restoration out was promiscuous as with his political prgamasticism , mired that of his

Answer 59

grandfather James I

Question 60

leading counties in Charles restoration court were debauched most notably

Answer 60

Buckingham and the Earl of Rochester , who'd died aged 33 form alcoholism and syphillis

Question 61

the behaviour of the king thus undermined the image of divine right monarchy

Question 62

the number of high profile catholics at this corrupt court reinforced the idea of a popish conspiracy and doubt the kings own religious beliefs this included :

Answer 62

Charles mother , Henrietta Maria Charles wife , Catherine of Braganza Charles brother , Duke of York George Digby , Earl of Bristol

Question 63

the leading minsters of the cabal 1667-74 were also an issue as

Answer 63

Thomas Clifford was catholic and the earl of Arlington a catholic sympathiser

Question 64

catholics didnt influence Charles political policies as he remained firmly in charge , Charles was however

Answer 64

influenced by Catholicism in that his mother Henrietta Maria tried to shape his policies , unsuccessfully

Question 65

more significantly Charles sought to emulate his Catholic cousin Louis XIV , the king of france , Charles however kept these catholics including his brother ...

Answer 65

under control

Question 66

only in the area on foreign policy where Charles was constantly drawn to

Answer 66

Louis XIV or rather Louis's finances was there clearly a source of influence that shaped Charles policy

Question 67

even here it could be argued that Charles attempt to emulate and have a good relationship with Louis XIV had more to do with

Answer 67

the French kings absolutism than his catholicism

Question 68

many of Charles mistresses were catholics , for example

Answer 68

Barbara Villiers , countess of Castlemaine , later Duchess of Cleveland had five children with charles that he acknowledged

Question 69

another Catholic mistress was a scot named

Answer 69

Frances Stuart

Question 70

the mos prominent mistress and perhaps the most influential was the

Answer 70

French catholic Louise de Keroualle m who became the Dutches of Portsmouth Charles went through a mock wedding ceremony with her in 1671

Question 71

the role of Charles mistresses is another example supporting the popular image of him being the

Answer 71

' merry monarch '

Question 72

the aesthetic style of the court under Charles reinforced the impression of Catholic influences being adopted for example ,

Answer 72

Charles mimicked the French style of his cousin Louis XIV at Versailles with baroque architecture , painting and music

Question 73

Charles II court style

Answer 73

followed examples of the French catholic court of Louis XIV in terms of ideas and fashions resembling the art collection of his father that had been sold off during the iterregenum the number of courtiers who were frequently drunk