chapter twenty one

Question 1

in April 1688 James reissued the declaration of indulgence which aimed to

Answer 1

establish freedom of religion
announced his next p , due in nov
and he would enact by law

Question 2

James ordered that this was to be announced from all Church of England pulpits in late may early June 1688 this led to a

Answer 2

direct petition for archbishop William Bancroft and six bishops since the declaration was based on a power that parliament regarded as illegal thus there should be no statement from the pulpit

Question 3

these men who agreed with the petition were not radicals and should have been James natural supports , all they wanted was for

Answer 3

clergy not to read the declaration but James turned them into martyrs by committing them to the tower and putting seven of them on trial

Question 4

the judges were divided over the question of legality of the crowns suspending power , those who argued against suspending power were dismissed however the jury found

Answer 4

Bancroft and the six bishops not guilty
- this was a constitutional judgement against the kings suspending power showing that only parliament could repeal statutes

Question 5

the trigger for heightened opposition against the big was the fact that on the 10 June 1688 …

Answer 5

James wife , Mary of Modena gave birth to a son

Question 6

James was already 54 however the birth of this child meant the prospect of him being succeeded by another Catholic rather than

Answer 6

his protestant sister Mary increased

Question 7

although tories were committed to the idea of a legitimate success , it was James constant use of

Answer 7

the courts to his own ends and the both of his son that provoked action

Question 8

William regarded an invasion of england as beneficial to dutch strategic and economic intrests in Europe , the dutch were under

Answer 8

increasing pressure from Louis XIV’s expansion of Frances northeastern border
- if England could be brought into an alliance there was the prospect that france could be encircled

Question 9

the threat of another attack in the dutch republic by Louis XIV in the summer of 1688 and the birth of James son pushed

Answer 9

William into action , his wife would no longer be the next monarch of England depriving him of probable English support against Louis XIV

Question 10

William sent an emissary , William Zuylestein ro congratulate James on the birth but

Answer 10

Zulysteins real task was to meet opposition figures and get William an invitation to trade

Question 11

on the 30th June 1688 five whigs and two tories who became known as the ‘ immortal seven ‘ wrote to William and invited him to

Answer 11

invade england assuring him that the majority of the population were ‘generally dissatisfied with the present conduct of the government in relation to their religion , liberties and properties’

Question 12

for William and the dutch the aim of the invasion was to secure a

Answer 12

‘free parliament’ and investigate the legitimacy of James son

Question 13

on the 29th September 1688 the dutch republic supported williams plan to

Answer 13

invade england in a secret revolution

Question 14

on 30th September 1688 William issued a deceleration of reasons for appearing in arms in the Kingdom , stating that

Answer 14

William did not have any intention of taking the throne
admitting this would be politically dangerous

Question 15

williams own initial aim was to intervene in English politics and

Answer 15

remodel parliament and the privy council to ensure england support the dutch republic against Louis XIV

Question 16

faced with the prospect of an invanison , James sought to compromise with his opponents in england , James met with

Answer 16

archbishop Bancroft and other bishops and offered concession , but it was too late

Question 17

on 5th November 1688 William landed at

Answer 17

torbay

Question 18

and by 9th November 1688 William had occupied

Answer 18

exeter

Question 19

from there William then called a

Answer 19

free parliament

Question 20

some areas such as Cheshire , Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire were secured by

Answer 20

williams peers who were sympathetic

Question 21

generally most of the population did not want to get involved reinforcing the fact that ,

Answer 21

if this was a revolution
it was a revolution from above

Question 22

it wasn’t clear that William would succeed as

Answer 22

James had control of London
control of a standing army
and reluctancy to depose James actively , even among leading critics

Question 23

9 December 1688

Answer 23

James sent his wife and son to france

Question 24

11 December 1688

Answer 24

James left London deliberately dropping the great seal of england into the thames , this allowed many bishops and peers who would’ve been reluctant to support William a reason to claim they had no choice but to as , as James had withdrawn himself from kingship

Question 25

11-13 December 1688

Answer 25

London experienced three nights of anti catholic riots

Question 26

23 December 1688

Answer 26

fearful for his son and determined not to betray his religion James took the opportunity to flee to france

Question 27

William called for advice from an irregular assembly of all surviving MPs and representatives from the government of London , this council was predominantly a whig institution likely to favour William

Question 28

24 December 1688

Answer 28

the assembly of peers organised to run the country in James absence invited William to take over gov , this call was repeated by williams irregular assembly on the 26th they also called for elections to establish a convention that would preserve 'our religion rights laws liberty and property' furthermore the convention would aim to put these things on 'sure and legal foundations that they may not be in danger of being again subverted '

Question 29

29 December 1688

Answer 29

writs were issued for elections

Question 30

William had his own forces as an occupying army in London where they remained until

Answer 30

may 1690

Question 31

22 January 1689

Answer 31

the convention parliament met

Question 32

the convention parliament was an assembly that had

Answer 32

319 whigs and 232 tories

Question 33

the convention parliament sought to discuss and eventually justify the

Answer 33

demoing of a monarch for another and also introduced new laws into the constitution

Question 34

initially there was division over the the succession question as whigs argued that

Answer 34

James had ' broken the fundamental laws of the constitution ' he forfeited the throne

Question 35

over the the succession question the tories argued that

Answer 35

James was only 'incapacitated' and that William and Mary should only be regents , or that Mary should rule with William only as consort

Question 36

however there was a moderate consensus between whigs and tories that secured a settlement via

Answer 36

a pragmatic compromise

Question 37

tories in the lords objected to the statement which led to crowds

Answer 37

demonstrating outside parliament

Question 38

3 February 1690

Answer 38

William warned in a secret meeting with peers that he 'would go back to holland' unless he were king

Question 39

the lords agreed to make him king with two provisors :

Answer 39

his wife Mary would share the title of monarch although without parliament if Mary died and William married again , any children from this second marriage would be behind Anne , Marys sister , in the line of the succession

Question 40

6 February 1688

Answer 40

these terms would be accepted by the lords

Question 41

8 February 1688

Answer 41

terms were confirmed by the commons

Question 42

the declaration of rights was produced by a parliamentary committee stating that

Answer 42

Catholics were never to inherit the crown , but this was not made a condition of giving William the throne

Question 43

the declaration of rights was a compromise document that was left deliberately ambiguous in terms of the

Answer 43

constitutional implications of James removal

Question 44

there was no statement that James had been deposed or that he had broken contract , similarly William and Mary were not referred to as

Answer 44

' rightful' or 'heirs' this meant that those who regarded William and Mary as de facto monarchs or monarchs by conquest could recognise them as rulers without denying that hames was in law still king

Question 45

13 February 1689

Answer 45

a formal ceremony offering the crown to William and Mary at which the declaration of rights was read out to them

Question 46

11th April 1689

Answer 46

William and Marys coronations , the new monarchs swore a diffrent coronation oath indicating their position

Question 47

acts related to the new circumstances were passed by parliament :

Answer 47

the mutiny act of march 1689 prevented the creation of any standing army without the consent of parliament the toleration act of may 1689 exempted dissenters from penal laws if they took an oath of allegiance January 1690 a watered down version of the declaration of right was passed as the bill of rights

Question 48

the bill of rights while significant had limited consitutional force as it was not

Answer 48

a binding or fixed contract between crown and people and like all statutes of parliament it could be replaced

Question 49

the change to the coronation oath illustrated the fact that the monarchs now accepted that they were

Answer 49

'beneath' rather than 'above' the rule of law as William speck argues

Question 50

this act was much less tolerant towards dissenters than the calvinist William would have wanted however it did

Answer 50

address some of the religious settlement issues left from the 1650's

Question 51

20 march 1690

Answer 51

a revenue of 1.2million a year was settled for the crown specified half to be used for civil gov and other for war - crown immediately went into debt

Question 52

through the 1693 million loan act and the 1694 establishment of the Bank of England the funding to allow William to fight on the contininent against

Answer 52

Louis XIV secured financial control and thereby political control of the monarch and government for the PN

Question 53

the PN underwrote or guaranteed ..

Answer 53

this debt

Question 54

the consolidation of revolution in multiple kingdoms - scotland

Answer 54

14 march 1689 William summoned the convention of estates a meeting of Scottish elites this body with Scottish Jacobites refusing to attend voted that James had forfeited the Scottish throne in the absence of the tories the Scottish convention proceeded on a contractural theory of kingship , deliberately avoided in england to accommodate tories revolution in scotland was also more radical than that in england in terms of religion William agreed to the abolition of bishops

Question 55

the consolidation of revolution in multiple kingdoms - scotland 11 May 1689

Answer 55

William and Mary accepted the Scottish throne

Question 56

the consolidation of revolution in multiple kingdoms - scotland , summer 1689

Answer 56

William faced jacobite rebellion from the highlands and although these forces were retreated in May 1690 , it was clear to William that he would need to compromise with presbyterians for support in scotland

Question 57

the consolidation of revolution in multiple kingdoms - scotland , as a result the Scottish parliament secured the following :

Answer 57

repeal of the 1669 act asserting the royal supremacy over the church in scotland an act establishing Presbyterian church government an act abolishing lay patronage ; Kirk sessions would decide who the minsters would be

Question 58

the consolidation of revolution in multiple kingdoms - scotland , measures were followed by

Answer 58

purging of over 600 minsters in the next seven years a further mark of the supreme position of the presbysterans in post revolutionary Scotland , royal favour had returned to presbysteriuand and thus consolidated their influence , any groups in scotland who still supported the stuarts such as the catholics sae a decline in their power

Question 59

the consolidation of revolution in multiple kingdoms - ireland

Answer 59

catholic Ireland was the centre o the Jacobite resistance and therefore posed a threat to William as part of the international war in which he was engaged march 1689 the catholics under Tyreconrell controlled all of Ireland but the Ulster James II landed with 3000 French troops followed by William in June 1690 William defeated James at the battle of the Boyne on 1 July James fled to france where he died in exile in 1701 Protestant control was imposed on Ireland