CHAPTER ONE

Question 1

What is language development?

Answer 1

The learning of language from birth through early childhood

Question 2

What do children learn when acquiring language?

Answer 2

Structural Aspects (phonology, morphology, etc)
Pragmatics and Discourse (social elements, speech acts, turn taking)
Metalinguistic Awareness (language play, jokes, etc)`

Question 3

Early categories, intentional object play, first object words are major object knowledge milestones at what age?

Answer 3

<1yo

Question 4

Pretend play and more sophisticated tool use
are major object knowledge milestones at what age?

Answer 4

1-2yo

Question 5

Increased understanding of complex object systems and cause and effect relationships are major object knowledge milestones at what age?

Answer 5

2-3yo

Question 6

Analogical reasoning skills (comparison based) are major object knowledge milestones at what age?

Answer 6

4+yo

Question 7

Follow gaze of others, aware that others have intentions, engage in joint attention activities, and proto-declaritive pointing emerges are major theory of mind milestones at what age?

Answer 7

<1yo

Question 8

Engages in altruistic behaviour, and can talk about feelings and desires are major theory of mind milestones at what age?

Answer 8

1-2yo

Question 9

Can talk about memories and other mental states are major theory of mind milestones at what age?

Answer 9

2-3yo

Question 10

False-belief reasoning matures and can talk about thinking states (knowing, concentrating, planning) are major theory of mind milestones at what age?

Answer 10

3-4+

Question 11

Detecting differences involving addition and subtraction are major theory of number milestones at what age?

Answer 11

<1yo

Question 12

Understand and can use terms such as “more” and “less”, and plurals and value of one are major theory of number milestones at what age?

Answer 12

1yo

Question 13

Reciting the number sequence, may recognize numbers as numbers are major theory of number milestones at what age?

Answer 13

1-2yo

Question 14

Begins to learn the “cardinal values” of numerosities 1-4 (howmanyness) are major theory of number milestones at what age?

Answer 14

2-3

Question 15

Fully understands principles of cardinality are major theory of number milestones at what age?

Answer 15

3-4

Question 16

What age is a child when they are able to recognize their own name based on language and comm. dev?

Answer 16

<1

Question 17

What age is a child when they are able to engage in pointing based on language and comm. dev?

Answer 17

<1

Question 18

What age is a child when they are producing their first words on language and comm. dev?

Answer 18

1yo

Question 19

What age is a child when they have a 50-word productive vocab based on language and comm. dev?

Answer 19

1.5yr

Question 20

What age is a child when they undergo a word spurt based on language and comm. dev?

Answer 20

1.5yo

Question 21

What age is a child when they have approx. 500 word productive vocab based on language and comm. dev?

Answer 21

2.5yo

Question 22

What age is a child when they have word combinations and complex grammar (incl. questions and negotiations) based on language and comm. dev?

Answer 22

2.5yo

Question 23

At what age does inner speech begin to develop?

Answer 23

2.5yo and up

Question 24

At what age do narrative skills begin to develop?

Answer 24

3yo

Question 25

At what age are preliteracy skills developed?

Answer 25

4yo

Question 26

What is theory of mind?

Answer 26

The theory that other persons have minds and that mental contents such as beliefs and intentions guide others' behavior

Question 27

Are we born with theory of mind?

Answer 27

No, it must be learned in childhood`

Question 28

What is object knowledge?

Answer 28

The way infants learn about objects, such as how they expect objects to remain hidden or become visible when passing behind an occluder

Question 29

What is theory of number?

Answer 29

A developmental theory of number understanding explaining how children's understanding of numbers changes during the early years of school

Question 30

What are the 4 major theories of child lang dev.?

Answer 30

Behaviourism Cognitivism Nativism Empiricisim

Question 31

Define behaviourism theory

Answer 31

Lang is learned through reinforcement Explains lang learning in terms of external factors Operant conditioning

Question 32

T/F: Behaviourism believes that language is innate

Answer 32

False

Question 33

Define cognitivism theory

Answer 33

Lang is acquired w/o reinforcement Children have a linguistic capacity

Question 34

Define Nativism

Answer 34

Knowledge is innate, not learned Posits lang specific module in brain Needs little input from environment

Question 35

Define empiricism

Answer 35

The mind is a blank slate at birth All knowledge comes from experience Posits general cognitive mechanisms that allow kids to work out "rules" of lang Needs lots of input from environment

Question 36

Which two lang dev theories believe that environmental input is vital for childrens' lang dev?

Answer 36

Behaviourism & Empiricism

Question 37

What are the three empiricism offshoots?

Answer 37

Interactionist Constructivist Emergentist

Question 38

Define Interactionist views

Answer 38

Emphasizes child's experience in comm. interaction

Question 39

Explain Constructivist views

Answer 39

Hold that language is constructed using inborn "equipment" that operates of info in the environ.

Question 40

Explain emergentist views

Answer 40

Posits that lang arises from the interation of bio based learning mechanisms (eg pattern recognition) AND input from the environ.

Question 41

Which age of verbal communication is a child at when they are startled by noises, turn head towards sounds, calmed by the sound of a voice, prefer mother's voice and discriminates LOTS of speech sounds?

Answer 41

newborn

Question 42

Which age of verbal communication is a child at when they smile when spoken to?

Answer 42

1-2 mos

Question 43

Which age of verbal communication is a child at when they respond differently to different expressive intonations and responds to caregivers' "turn-taking" routines?

Answer 43

3-7mos

Question 44

Which age of verbal communication is a child at when they respond to their name, says "no", recognizes and interacts appropriately w games (ie peekaboo) and later recognize simplistic words?

Answer 44

8-12mos

Question 45

What are the four characteristics of intentional communication?

Answer 45

Eye contact Gesture and vocalization become specific Turn taking Persistant comm. attempts

Question 46

What does LAD stand for?

Answer 46

Language Acquisition Device

Question 47

Who posited the LAD?

Answer 47

Chomsky

Question 48

What is the LAD theory?

Answer 48

a hypothetical tool in the brain that helps children learn language and accounts for the order in which children learn structures, and the mistakes they make as they learn

Question 49

Which theory supports LAD?

Answer 49

Nativism

Question 50

What does UG stand for?

Answer 50

Universal Grammar

Question 51

What is UG?

Answer 51

a theory that suggests that humans have an innate ability to acquire language

Question 52

Who posited UG?

Answer 52

Chomsky

Question 53

How is UG supposed to work?

Answer 53

idea that there are innate constraints on what the grammar of a human language can be; children adopt specific syntactic rules that conform to UG when they receive linguistic stimuli during language acquisition

Question 54

What methods are used to test children's lang dev pre-sophisticated vocalisation?

Answer 54

Sucking Habituation Stimuli and Head turn Technique

Question 55

provide a brief explanation of head turn paradigm

Answer 55

babies trained to turn their heads to something new in their environment; begin to automatically turn; then anticipate the stimuli

Question 56

provide a brief explanation of the sucking habituation paradigm

Answer 56

babies prefer novel stimuli; once they habituate, sucking decreases