Chapter Seven: Energy (Key Terms and Practice Questions)

Question 1

What internal signals stimulate a person to acquire and consume food?

Answer 1

Hunger

Question 2

What is the EER?

Answer 2

Estimated Energy Requirements, the amount of energy recommended by the DRIs to maintain body weight in a healthy person based on age, size, gender, and activity level.

Question 3

What is Skinfold Thickness?

Answer 3

A measurement of subcutaneous fat used to estimate total body fat.

Question 4

What is the Thermic Effect of Food (TEF) or diet-induced thermogenesis?

Answer 4

The energy required for the digestion of food and the absorption, metabolism, and storage of nutrients. It is equal to approximately 10% of daily energy intake.

Question 5

What is Comorbidity?

Answer 5

When two disease states of health conditions occur together (e.g. obesity and type two diabetes).

Question 6

What is the BMR?

Answer 6

Basal metabolic rate, the rate of energy expenditure under resting conditions. BMR measurements are performed in a warm room in the morning before the subject rises, and and at least 12 hours after the last food or activity.

Question 7

What is BEE?

Answer 7

Basal energy expenditure, the energy expended to maintain an awake resting body that is not digesting food.

Question 8

What is Adaptive Thermogenesis?

Answer 8

The change in energy expenditure induced by factors such as changes in ambient temperature and food intake.

Question 9

What is PA value?

Answer 9

Physical activity value, a numeric value associated with activity level that is a variable in the EER equations used to calculate energy needs.

Question 10

What is energy balance?

Answer 10

The amount of energy consumed in the diet compared with the amount expended by the body over a given period.

Question 11

What is weight cycling/yoyo dieting?

Answer 11

The repeated loss and regain of body weight.

Question 12

What is ghrelin?

Answer 12

A hormone produced by the stomach the stimulates food intake.

Question 13

What is gastric bypass surgery?

Answer 13

A surgical procedure to treat morbid obesity that both reduces the size of the stomach and bypasses a portion of the small intestine.

Question 14

What is indirect calorimetry?

Answer 14

A method of estimating energy use that compares the amount of oxygen consumed to the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled.

Question 15

What is gastric banding?

Answer 15

A surgical procedure in which an adjustable band is placed around the upper portion of the stomach to limit the volume that the stomach can hold and the rate of the stomach emptying.

Question 16

What is behaviour modification?

Answer 16

A process used to gradually and permanently change habitual behaviours.

Question 17

What is bioelectric impedance analysis?

Answer 17

A technique for estimating body composition that measures body fat by directing a low energy electric current through the body and calculating resistance to flow.

Question 18

What is BMI?

Answer 18

Body mass index, a measure of body weight in relation to height that is used to compare body size to a standard.

Question 19

What is underwater weighing?

Answer 19

A technique that uses the difference between body weight underwater and body weight on land to estimate body density and calculate body composition.

Question 20

What is TEE?

Answer 20

Total energy expenditure, the sum of the energy used for basal metabolism, activity, processing food, deposition of new tissue, and production of milk.

Question 21

What is REE or RMR?

Answer 21

Resting energy expenditure or resting metabolic rate, terms used when an estimate of basal metabolism is determined by measuring energy utilization after 5-6 hours without food or exercise.

Question 22

What is direct calorimetry?

Answer 22

A method of determining energy use that measures the amount of heat produced.

Question 23

What is the BMI for being overweight?

Answer 23

25-29.9 kg/m^2

Question 24

How many kcalories are in a ‘very low kcalorie diet’?

Answer 24

Less than 800 kcalories per day

Question 25

What is lean body mass?

Answer 25

Body mass attributed to nonfat body components such as bone, muscle, and internal organs. May also be called fat-free mass.

Question 26

What is Leptin?

Answer 26

A protein hormone that regulates the size of body fat stores and helps regulate satiety levels. Produced by adipocytes.

Question 27

What is a protein sparing modified fast?

Answer 27

A very low kcalorie diet with a high proportion of protein, designed to maximize the loss of fat and minimize the loss of protein from the body.

Question 28

What is satiety?

Answer 28

The feeling of fullness and satisfaction, caused by food consumption, that eliminates the desire to eat.

Question 29

What is liposuction?

Answer 29

A procedure that suctions out adipose tissue from under the skin; used to decrease the size of local fat deposits such as on the abdomen or hips.

Question 30

What is appetite?

Answer 30

The desire to consume specific foods that is independent of hunger.

Question 31

What are obesity genes?

Answer 31

Genes that code for proteins involved in the regulation of food intake, energy expenditure, or the deposition of body fat. When they are abnormal, the result is abnormal amounts of body fat.

Question 32

What is set point theory?

Answer 32

The theory that when people finish growing, their weight remains relatively stable for long periods despite periodic changes in energy intake or output.

Question 33

What is the BMI for obesity?

Answer 33

Greater than 30.0 kg/m^2

Question 34

What is subcutaneous fat?

Answer 34

Adipose tissue that is located under the skin.

Question 35

What is bomb calorimeter?

Answer 35

An instrument used to determine the energy content of food. It measures the heat energy released when a dried food is combusted.

Question 36

What is doubly labelled water technique?

Answer 36

A method for measuring energy expenditure based on measuring the disappearance of heave isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in body fluids after consumption of a defined amount of water labelled with both isotopes.

Question 37

What is brown adipose tissue?

Answer 37

A type of fat tissue that has a greater number of mitochondria than the more common white adipose tissue. It can waste energy by producing heat.

Question 38

What is visceral fat?

Answer 38

Adipose tissue that is located in the abdomen around the body's internal organs.

Question 39

What are adipocytes?

Answer 39

Fat storing cells.

Question 40

What is Non-exercise Activity Thermogenesis? (NEAT)

Answer 40

The energy expended for everything we do other than sleeping, eating, or sportslike exercise.

Question 41

What very low calorie diet with a high proportion of protein is designed to maximize the loss of fat and minimize the loss of protein from the body?

Answer 41

A protein sparing modified fast.

Question 42

What is the method of determining energy use that measures the amount of heat produced?

Answer 42

Direct calorimetry.

Question 43

What type of environment promotes weight gain by encouraging overeating and physical inactivity?

Answer 43

Obesogenic environment.