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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter Six > Flashcards

Chapter Six Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Organ (describe)

A

Two or more types of tissues grouped
together and performing specialized
functions

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2
Q

Integumentary System (describe)

A

The skin and its accessory structures (hair, nails, glands, sensory receptors)

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3
Q

Skin (describe)

A

Contains 2 layers: epithelial tissue and overlying connective tissue
Outer layer is the epidermis; inner layer is the dermis

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4
Q

Skin

Epidermis (describe)

A

Outer layer
Stratified squamous epithelium
Basement membrane between epidermis and dermis
Protects against water loss, chemicals, mechanical injury, pathogens

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5
Q

Skin

Dermis (describe)

A

Inner layer
Thicker of the 2 layers of the skin
Connective tissue
Contains collagenous & elastic fibers

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6
Q

Skin

Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) (describe)

A

Beneath dermis; insulating layer
Areolar and adipose connective tissue
Not considered part of the skin
Contains blood vessels that supply skin

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7
Q

Keratinization (describe)

A

Process of hardening, dehydration, and keratin accumulation that occurs in epidermal cells as they migrate outward

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8
Q

Keratin (describe):

A

Tough, fibrous, waterproof protein made and stored in the cells
As cells reach outer surface, become tightly packed, develop desmosomes, form outer layer, stratum corneum
Stratum corneum cells are eventually shed from skin surface

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9
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Deepest layer of the epidermis, nourished by blood vessels in dermis

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10
Q

Melanocytes (describe)

A

Located in the stratum basale produce the dark pigment melanin
Absorbs UV light from sunlight and provides skin color

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11
Q

Factors Affecting Skin Color

A

Hereditary Factors
Environmental Factors
Physiological Factors

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12
Q

Dermis (describe)

A

Inner layer of skin; average of 1-2 mm thick
Contains dermal papillae to bind epidermis to underlying tissues
Connective tissue layer; contains muscle fibers
Nerve cell processes

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13
Q

Layers of Dermis

A

Papillary layer

Reticular layer

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14
Q

Layers of Dermis

Papillary Layer (describe)

A

Superficial layer; thinner of the 2 layers
Areolar connective tissue
Location of dermal papillae

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15
Q

Layers of Dermis

Reticular Layer (describe)

A

Deeper layer; thicker of 2 layers

Dense irregular connective tissue

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16
Q

Accessory Structures of the Skin (list)

A

Hair follicles
Nails
Skin glands (sweat and sebaceous)

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17
Q

Nails (describe)

A

Protective coverings on ends of fingers and toes

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18
Q

Parts of Nail (list)

A

Nail plate
Nail bed
Lunula

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19
Q

Nail Plate (describe)

A

Overlies nail bed

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20
Q

Nail Bed (describe)

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A

Surface of skin, under nail plate

21
Q

Lunula (describe)

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A

Most active growing region; pale, half-moon-shaped region at base of nail plate

22
Q

Hair Follicle (describe)

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A

Tube-like depression of epidermal cells from which hair develops

23
Q

Parts of Hair (list)

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A 
Hair bulb (dividing cells)
Hair root
Hair shaft (dead, epidermal cells)
24
Q

Skin Glands

Sebaceous Glands

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A

Produce sebum, which consists of fatty material and cellular debris
Sebum keeps hair and skin soft and waterproof
Excess sebum can result in acne
Absent on palms and soles

25
Skin Glands Sweat Glands
Also called sudoriferous glands Widespread in skin Originate in deeper dermis or hypodermis as ball-shaped coils
26
Types of Skin Glands (list)
Eccrine (merocrine) glands Apocrine sweat glands Ceruminous glands Mammary glands
27
Eccrine (Merocrine) Glands (describe)
Numerous, hands, feet, forehead | Respond to elevated body temperature
28
Apocrine Sweat Glands (describe)
Axillary and groin areas Secrete by exocytosis Respond to emotions, pain
29
Ceruminous Glands (describe)
Produce ear wax
30
Mammary Glands (describe)
Produce milk
31
Skin (functions)
``` Protective covering, barrier against harmful substances and microorganisms Prevents some water loss Contains sensory receptors Excretes some wastes Helps produce Vitamin D Helps regulate body temperature ```
32
Regulation of Body Temperature
Important to regulate body temperature; slight shift can disrupt rates of metabolic reactions Set point is monitored by Hypothalamus Skin plays key role in homeostatic mechanisms that regulate body temperature
33
Heat Production and Loss (describe)
Heat is a product of cellular metabolism The most active body cells are major heat producers: Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, cells of the liver When body is too warm, body responds with vasodilation of dermal blood vessels and vasoconstriction of deep blood vessels. Heat can escape through skin.
34
Methods of Heat Loss
Radiation Conduction Convection Evaporation
35
Radiation (describe)
Primary method of heat loss, infrared heat rays escape
36
Conduction (describe)
Heat moves from skin to cooler objects
37
Convection (describe)
Heat loss into circulating air currents
38
Evaporation (describe)
Sweat changes into a gas, carries heat away
39
Body Temperature Regulation When Body Temperature Rises
Thermoreceptors signal hypothalamus Vasodilation of dermal blood vessels Sweat glands are activated
40
Body Temperature Regulation When Body Temperature Falls
Thermoreceptors signal hypothalamus Vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels Sweat glands are inactive Muscles contract involuntarily (shivering)
41
Problems in Body Temperature Regulation Hyperthermia
Abnormally high body temperature Can occur on hot, humid day, when sweat cannot evaporate When air temperature is high, radiation is less effective Body may gain heat from hotter air Skin becomes dry, person gets weak, dizzy, nauseous, with headache, rapid pulse
42
Problems in Body Temperature Regulation Hyporthermia
Abnormally low body temperature Can result from prolonged exposure to cold, or illness Shivering is involuntary skeletal muscle contraction, caused by hypothalamus Progresses to confusion, lethargy, loss of reflexes and consciousness Without treatment, organs shut down
43
Inflammation (describe)
Inflammation is a normal response to injury or stress Inflammation is body’s attempt to restrict spread of infection Blood vessels in affected tissues dilate and become more permeable, allowing fluids to leak into the damaged tissues
44
Shallow Cut (describe)
Affects only the epidermis, results in epidermal cells along its margin dividing more rapidly than usual, to fill gap
45
Deep Cut (describe)
Reaching dermis or subcutaneous layer, results in blood vessels breaking; released blood forms a clot
46
Burns Superficial, partial-thickness (first degree) burn (describe):
Injures only epidermis, as in sunburn; redness, heat, inflammation Healing takes days-weeks, no scarring
47
Burns Deep, partial-thickness (second degree) burn (describe):
Destroys epidermis and some dermis, as in burn from hot liquid May blister, healing varies with severity of burn & stem cell survival Stem cells in hair follicles and glands can help regenerate skin Usually recovers completely, no scarring
48
Burns Full-thickness (third degree) burn (describe):
Destroys epidermis, dermis, accessory structures Results from prolonged exposure to heat, flames, hot liquids Some healing from margins Often requires skin graft, skin substitutes

Anatomy & Physiology I (7 decks)

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