Final Review

Question 1

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

List:

Answer 1

Rectus Abdominis
External Oblique
Internal Oblique
Transverse Abdominis

Question 2

Muscles that Move the Arm

List:

Answer 2

Levator Scapulae
Supraspinatus
Deltoid
Infraspinatus
Teres Major
Teres Minor
Triceps Brachii

Question 3

Muscles that Move the Foot

List:

Answer 3

Patella
Patellar Tendon
Soleus
Gastrocnemius
Tibia
Anterior Tibialis

Question 4

Muscles that Move the Forearm

List:

Answer 4

Clavicle
Brachialis
Biceps Brachii, short and long head
Coracobrachialis
Subscapularis
Trapezius
Deltoid
Medial Border of Scapula

Question 5

Muscles that Move the Leg

List:

Answer 5

Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Maximus
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Biceps Femoris, long and short heads

Question 6

Muscles that Move the Thigh

List:

Answer 6

Sartoris
Psoas Minor
Psoas Major
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Intermedius

Question 7

Muscles that Move the Thigh (cont’d)

List:

Answer 7

Tensor Fasciae Latae
Gluteus Minimis
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Maximus
Piriformis

Question 8

Muscles that Move the Foot (cont’d)

List:

Answer 8

Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Soleus

Question 9

Muscle group associated with the Brachial Plexus

List:

Answer 9

• Scalene muscles
o Posterior
o Medial
o Anterior

Question 10

Main muscles that plantar flex the foot

List:

Answer 10

•	Plantar flex
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
flexor digitorum longes
tibialis posterior
fibularis longus

Question 11

Main muscles that dorsi flex the foot

List:

Answer 11

• Dorsi flex
tibialis anterior
fibularis tertius
extensor digitorium longus

Question 12

Smooth Muscle (examples)

Answer 12

o Intestines, stomach, urinary bladder, blood vessels

Question 13

Striated Muscle (examples)

Answer 13

o Skeletal muscle

Question 14

Junctions in the blood-brain barrier

Describe:

Answer 14

o Membranes between cells merge and fuse
o Located among cells that form linings, sheetlike layers
o Blood-brain barrier

Question 15

Mineral associated with muscle contraction

Describe:

Answer 15

• Na and K ions generate the muscle impulse (action potential)
• Impulse releases Ca which leads to muscle contraction

Question 16

Proteins that make up the myofibril

Describe:

Answer 16

• Thin actin filaments
• Myosin protein; heads form crossbars
• Both thick and thin filaments consist of sarcomeres end-to-end

Question 17

Thin Actin Filaments

Describe:

Answer 17

o Composed of actin protein; associated with troponin and tropomyosin, which prevent crossbridge formation when muscle is not contracting thick myosin filaments

Question 18

Function of Acetylcholinesterase

Describe:

Answer 18

• (Enzyme) rapidly decomposes ACh remaining in the synapse

Question 19

Myasthenia Gravis

Symptoms:

Answer 19

• Antibodies attack Acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle fibers (motor end plates) in neuromuscular junctions
• Person may have only 1/3 normal number of ACh receptors
• Leads to widespread muscle weakness and muscle fatigue

Question 20

Muscles of the Rotator Cuff

Describe:

Answer 20

• Supraspinatus muscle
• Infraspinatus muscle
• Teres minor muscle
• Subscapularis muscle

Question 21

Latissimus Dorsi

Origin:

Insertion:

Answer 21

Latissimus Dorsi

Origin: spines of sacral, lumbar, and lower thoracic vertebrae, iliac crest, and lower limbs

Insertion: intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Question 22

Trapezius

Origin:

Insertion:

Answer 22

Trapezius

Origin: occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, and spinous processes of seventh cervical and all thoracic vertabrea

Insertion: clavicle, spine, and acromion process of scapula

Question 23

Biceps

Origin:

Insertion:

Answer 23

Biceps

Origin: coracoid process and tubercle above glenoid cavity of scapula

Insertion: radial tuberosity of radius

Question 24

Masseter

Origin:

Insertion:

Answer 24

Masseter

Origin: Zygomatic arch

Insertion: Lateral surface of ramus of mandible

Question 25

Origin Define:

Answer 25

• Less moveable end

Question 26

Insertion Define:

Answer 26

• More moveable end

Question 27

Hypertrophy Define:

Answer 27

• Enlargement of skeletal muscle that is exercised

Question 28

Atrophy Define:

Answer 28

• Decline or degeneration of muscle due to underuse or neglect

Question 29

Slow Twitch Example:

Answer 29

* Marathon runners * Contract slowly and take a long time to fatigue making them ideal for high endurance/aerobic exercises, such as walking or running.

Question 30

Fast Twitch, example Example:

Answer 30

* Sprinters and weight lifters * Contract quickly and fatigue quickly, making them ideal for short burst aerobic exercises, such as sprinting, hurdling and jumping

Question 31

Histology Define:

Answer 31

• The study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals; the study of tissues

Question 32

Acetylcholine Define:

Answer 32

• (ACh) is the neurotransmitter stimulus for contraction

Question 33

Myoneural Junction Describe:

Answer 33

* A type of synapse * Also called a myoneural junction * Site where an axon of motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber interact * Skeletal muscle fibers contract only when stimulated by a motor neuron

Question 34

Parts of a Myoneural Junction: Describe:

Answer 34

``` o Motor neuron o Motor end plate o Synaptic cleft o Synaptic vesicles o Neurotransmitters ```

Question 35

Sarcomere Describe:

Answer 35

• Basic unit of striated muscle tissue

Question 36

Sarcoplasm Describe:

Answer 36

• Cytoplasm of striated muscle cells

Question 37

Sarcolemma Describe:

Answer 37

• Cell membrane of a striated muscle fiber cell

Question 38

Mediastinum Describe:

Answer 38

• Mediastinum: region between lungs in thoracic cavity, which contains heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland

Question 39

Synergists Describe:

Answer 39

• Muscles that assist agonist / prime mover

Question 40

Agonist Describe:

Answer 40

• Muscle that causes an action

Question 41

Antagonist Describe:

Answer 41

• Muscles whose contraction causes movement in the opposite direction of the prime mover

Question 42

Isotonic Describe:

Answer 42

• Muscle contracts and changes length; equal force o Concentric: shortening contraction o Eccentric: lengthening contraction

Question 43

Isometric Describe:

Answer 43

• Muscle contracts but does not change length; change in force