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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter Five > Flashcards

Chapter Five Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues (define)

A

Groups of similar cells with a common function

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2
Q

Histology (define)

A

The study of tissues

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3
Q

Major Types of Tissues in the Body

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

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4
Q

Epithelial Tissue (describe)

A

Covers organs and body surface
Lines cavities and hollow organs
Makes up glands

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5
Q

Types of Epithelial Tissue

A 
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Stratified squamous
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified columnar
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6
Q

Simple Squamous (describe)

A

Single layer of thin, flat cells
Substances pass easily through
Thin & delicate, can be damaged. Found in diffusion & filtration sites
Lines air sacs (alveoli) & capillaries; lines blood & lymphatic vessels

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7
Q

Simple Cuboidal (describe)

A

Single layer of cube-shaped cells
Secretion and absorption
Lines kidney tubules, thyroid follicles
Covers ovaries; lines ducts of some glands

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8
Q

Stratified Squamous (describe)

A

Many cell layers; thick protective layer
Outermost cells are flat; deeper cells are cuboidal
New cells form, push older cells toward free surface
Outer layer of skin (keratinized); lines oral cavity, vagina, anal canal

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9
Q

Stratified Cuboidal (describe)

A

2-3 layers of cube-shaped cells; more protection than 1 layer
Lines ducts of mammary, sweat and salivary glands, and pancreas

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10
Q

Stratified Columnar (describe)

A

Top layer of elongated cells; cube-shaped cells in deeper layers
Lines part of male urethra, ducts of exocrine glands

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11
Q

Transitional (uroepithelium) (describe):

A

Many cell layers; cube-shaped and elongated cells
Changes shape with increased tension; stretches
Line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

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12
Q

Glandular Epithelium (describe):

A

Composed of cells that produce and secrete substances into ducts, blood or tissue fluids

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13
Q

Types of Glandular Epithelium

A

Endocrine glands

Exocrine glands

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14
Q

Endocrine Glands (describe)

A

Secrete into tissue fluid or blood

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15
Q

Exocrine Glands (describe)

A

Secrete into ducts that open onto surface

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16
Q

Types of Exocrine Glands

A

Unicellular

Multicellular

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17
Q

Unicellular Exocrine Glands

A

Composed of one cell, such as a goblet cell (secretes mucus)

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18
Q

Multicellular Exocrine Glands

A

Composed of many cells

Sweat glands, salivary glands, etc.

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19
Q

Types of Glandular Secretion

A

Merocrine Glands
Apocrine Glands
Holocrine Glands

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20
Q

Merocrine Glands (describe)

A

Secrete fluid products by exocytosis: salivary & sweat glands, pancreas

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21
Q

Apocrine Glands (describe)

A

Lose small part of cell during secretion: mammary and ceruminous glands

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22
Q

Holocrine Glands (describe)

A

Release entire cells filled with product: sebaceous glands

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23
Q

Types of Intercellular Joints

A

Tight joints
Desmosomes
Gap joints

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24
Q

Tight Joints (describe)

A

Membranes between cells merge and fuse
Located among cells that form linings, sheetlike layers
Blood-brain barrier

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25
Desmosomes (describe)
Form “spot welds” between cells Structural reinforcement Located among outer skin cells
26
Gap Junctions (describe)
Tubular channels between cells Molecules can move between cells Located in cardiac muscle cells
27
Connective Tissue (describe)
Most abundant tissue type. Extracellular matrix consists of protein fibers and ground substance; consistency varies from fluid to semisolid to solid Cells are farther apart than epithelial cells; contain matrix between cells Functions include: bind structures together, provide support and protection, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat
28
Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue
Fibroblasts Macrophages (Histiocytes) Mast Cells
29
Fibroblasts (describe)
Most common fixed cell Large star-shaped cell Secrete fibers into extracellular matrix
30
Macrophages (Histiocytes) (describe)
Usually attached to fibers, but can detach and wander Conduct phagocytosis Defend against infection
31
Mast Cells (describe)
Large, fixed cells Release heparin to prevent blood clotting Release histamine, which causes inflammatory response
32
Fibroblasts Types of fibers in connective tissue
Collagen fibers Elastic fibers Reticular fibers
33
Fibroblasts Collagen Fibers (describe):
Thick threads of collagen, the body’s main structural protein Great tensile strength and flexible, slightly elastic Found in ligaments and tendons
34
Fibroblasts Elastic Fibers (describe):
Composed of elastin protein; branching Can stretch and return to original shape Not as strong as collagen fibers Found in vocal cords, respiratory air passages
35
Fibroblasts Reticular Fibers (describe):
Thin, branching fibers of collagen Form delicate, supporting networks Found in spleen, liver
36
Types of Connective Tissue
Loose Dense Specialized
37
Types of Loose Connective Tissue
Areolar Adipose Reticular
38
Types of Dense Connective Tissue
Dense Regular Dense Irregular Elastic
39
Examples of Specialized Connective Tissue
Cartilage Bone Blood
40
Loose Connective Tissue Areolar Connective Tissue (describe)
Forms thin, delicate membranes Cells are mainly fibroblasts Gel-like ground substance; collagenous & elastic fibers In subcutaneous layer; beneath most epithelia, where it nourishes nearby epithelial cells
41
Loose Connective Tissue Adipose Tissue (describe)
Adipocytes store fat Push their nuclei to one side; crowd out other cell types Cushions and insulates. Beneath skin (subcutaneous layer); behind eyeballs Spaces between muscles; around kidneys and heart
42
Loose Connective Tissue Reticular Tissue (describe)
Composed of thin reticular fibers | Supports walls of internal organs; walls of liver, spleen
43
Dense Connective Tissue Dense Regular (describe)
Closely packed collagenous fibers; fine network of elastic fibers Most cells are fibroblasts Very strong, withstands pulling Binds body parts together; tendons, ligaments, dermis Poor blood supply; slow to heal
44
Specialized Connective Tissue Cartilage (describe)
A rigid, specialized connective tissue; support, framework, attachments Protection of underlying tissue; models for developing bone Matrix contains collagen in gel-like ground substance Covered by perichondrium (connective tissue), which provides some nutrients to the cartilage Lacks blood supply; heals slowly
45
Types of Cartilage
Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage
46
Fibrocartilage (describe)
Very tough, due to many collagenous fibers; shock absorber | Intervertebral discs; pads of knee and pelvic girdle
47
Specialized Connective Tissue Bone (describe)
Most rigid connective tissue Solid matrix, composed of mineral (Ca) salts & collagen Supports structures; protects vital structures Produces blood cells Attachment sites for muscles Forms skeleton
48
Types of Bone
Compact | Spongy
49
Compact Bone (describe)
Osteoblasts deposit matrix in lamellae (layers) Lamellae occur in rings around central canals Osteocytes + matrix + central canal form cylindrical units called osteons Osteons are cemented together to form compact bone Central canals contain blood vessels; bone is well-nourished, heals more quickly than cartilage
50
Specialized Connective Tissue Blood (describe)
Cells suspended in fluid matrix called plasma Red blood cells transport gases; white blood cells defend again infection Platelets help in blood clotting Transports substances around body
51
Membranes (describe)
Membranes are sheets of cells
52
Epithelial Membranes (describe)
Composed of epithelial and connective tissue; cover body surfaces and line cavities
53
Types of Epithelial Membranes
Serous Mucous Cutaneous
54
Epithelial Membrane Serous Membranes (describe)
Line body cavities that do not open to outside of body (cover organs); inner linings of thorax and abdomen Simple squamous epithelium + areolar connective tissue Secrete serous fluid for lubrication, reducing friction
55
Epithelial Membrane Mucous Membranes (describe)
Line cavities and tubes that open to the outside of body; lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts Epithelium + areolar connective tissue Goblet cells secrete mucus
56
Epithelial Membrane Cutaneous Membranes (describe)
Covers body surface; commonly called skin | Part of integumentary system
57
Epithelial Membrane Synovial Membrane (describe)
Different from epithelial membranes Composed entirely of connective tissue Line joint cavities
58
Muscle Tissue (describe)
Muscle cells are also called muscle fibers | Contractile; can shorten and thicken
59
Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
60
Skeletal Muscle Tissue (describe)
Attached to bones Striated; voluntary Multinucleated cells; long cylindrical cells Stimulated by nerve cells
61
Smooth Muscle Tissue (describe)
Walls of hollow organs; walls of blood vessels Spindle-shaped fibers Non-striated; involuntary
62
Cardiac Muscle Tissue (describe)
Only in wall of heart Branching cells; intercalated discs Involuntary; striated
63
Nervous Tissue (describe)
Found in brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves | Main cells are neurons
64
Neurons (describe)
Specialized for communication, via conduction of nerve impulses (sensory reception, motor control) Neurons coordinate, integrate, and regulate body functions
65
Neuroglia (describe)
Cells that support and nourish neurons

Anatomy & Physiology I (7 decks)

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