Chemical Basis of Behavior (Lecture 4)

Question 1

synaptic transition

Answer 1

the flow of information between neurons through a synapse

Question 2

synapse

Answer 2

fluid-filled gap between terminal button of one neuron and receptive area of another neuron

Question 3

the most common synapse is:

Answer 3

chemical synapse

Question 4

gap junction

Answer 4

when adjacent cells have an interconnected channel that allows for the transfer of ionic currents, it is very fast and has bidirectional communication

Question 5

directed synapses

Answer 5

site of release is near the site of receptive

Question 6

3 types of directed synapses

Answer 6

axodendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic

Question 7

axodendritic synapses

Answer 7

contribute most to A.P., high proportion of voltage gated channels in this membrane

Question 8

axoaxonic synapses

Answer 8

presynaptic facilitation and good for inhibiting axon potentials at the axon

Question 9

non-directed synapses

Answer 9

site of release is distant from the site of reception

Question 10

2 types of non-directed synapses

Answer 10

varicosities and diffuse modulatory systems

Question 11

varicosities

Answer 11

full of neurotransmitters that diffuse over a wide range of area and bind to far away receptor sites

Question 12

diffuse modulatory systems

Answer 12

serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine are most common for this

Question 13

4 main categories of neurotransmitters

Answer 13

amino acids, amines, acetylcholine, peptides

Question 14

amino acids

Answer 14

small, GABA, glutamate

Question 15

amines

Answer 15

small, DA, NE, 5-HT

Question 16

acetylcholine

Answer 16

its own category because of the way it is synthesized

Question 17

peptides

Answer 17

large, dynorphin, enkephalin

Question 18

large peptide neurotransmitter synthesis

Answer 18

made in the soma, packaged into vesicles in the Golgi, and travel down the axon microtubules to reach the terminal button

Question 19

small neurotransmitter synthesis

Answer 19

made in the terminal button of the cell, from precursor enzymes and packaged into vesicles at the terminal

Question 20

activation of receptors

Answer 20

neurotransmitter is released into the synapse and may bind to postsynaptic receptors

Question 21

ligand

Answer 21

molecule that binds to another

Question 22

2 main receptor types:

Answer 22

ionotropic and metabotropic

Question 23

ionotropic receptor

Answer 23

when NT binds to receptor site on the ion channel, the channel opens or closes, altering the flow of ions in or out of the cell, direct and fast

Question 24

metabotropic receptor

Answer 24

when NT binds to receptor it signals a membrane signal protein that is linked to a G protein, and the G proteins can either directly open ion channels or activate secondary messengers, indirect and slow

Question 25

secondary messengers

Answer 25

can open/close ion channels or activate enzymes that modulate ion pumps, ion channels, receptors, or gene transcription

Question 26

pre-synaptc receptors

Answer 26

autoreceptors that are located on cell membrane

Question 27

autoreceptors

Answer 27

located on cell membrane (terminal button), regulates internal processes (the synthesis and release of neurotransmitter, does not change membrane potential

Question 28

post-synaptic potentials

Answer 28

can either be depolarizing (EPSP) or hyperpolarizing (IPSP), determined by the receptor that is stimulated, not the NT itself

Question 29

2 possibilities for the termination of PSPs

Answer 29

re-uptake and enzymatic degradation

Question 30

termination of PSPs via re-uptake

Answer 30

NT is returned to terminal button through transporters in the presynaptic membrane

Question 31

termination of PSPs via enzymatic degradation

Answer 31

acetylcholine + acetylcholinesterase= choline and acetate

Question 32

glutamate

Answer 32

glutamic acid, major excitatory NT in brain, 3 ionotropic (EPSPs), 8 metabotropic

Question 33

GABA

Answer 33

(gama-amino butyric acid), synthesized from glutamate, major inhibitory NT in brain (1 ionotropic, 2 G-protein coupled receptors)

Question 34

agonist neurotransmitter

Answer 34

chemical that binds to a receptor of a cell and triggers a response by that cell

Question 35

antagonist neurotransmitter

Answer 35

ligand or drug that does not provoke a biological response itself upon binding to a receptor, but clocks or dampens agonist-mediated responses

Question 36

dopamine (DA)

Answer 36

2 diffuse modulatory systems (nigrostriatal regulate motor and mesocorticolimbic regulate motivation), all receptors are metabotropic

Question 37

norepinephrine (NE)

Answer 37

diffuse modulatory system (locus coeruleus regulates attention, learning, sleep/wake, arousal, anxiety), all receptors are metabotropic

Question 38

serotonin (5-HT)

Answer 38

diffuse modulatory system (raphe nuclei regulate arousal, mood, sleep/wake), some receptors are ionotropic, most are metabotropic

Question 39

acetylcholine (Ach)

Answer 39

diffuse modulatory system (basal forebrain regulate learning, memory, regulation of sensory system), 2 receptors: nicotinic ionotropic and muscarinic metabotropic

Question 40

nicotinic ionotropic receptors in Ach

Answer 40

permeable to potassium, calcium, and sodium, non-specific, 1 subtype, generally excitatory, curare

Question 41

muscarinic metabotropic

Answer 41

all bound to G-proteins, lead to a wide range of effects, 5 subtypes, atropine

Question 42

peptide neurotransmitters

Answer 42

made as polypeptides, synthesized on the rER, packaged by Golgi apparatus, transported on microtubules, all receptors are G-protein coupled

Question 43

endorphins

Answer 43

released during exercise, excitement, pain, consumption of spicy food, orgasm, bind with u-opioid receptor, analgesia, euphoria

Question 44

dynorphins

Answer 44

modulate pain, homeostasis, and response to stress, bind to k-opioid receptor, dysphoria

Question 45

soluble gas

Answer 45

nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), can be synthesized in cell body or axon terminal, diffusible, can pass through lipid membrane into extracellular space, activates 2nd messenger

Question 46

endocannabinoids

Answer 46

"post" to "pre" synaptic neurons, enzymes synthesize endocannabinoid, release is automatic, membrane permeable, not stored in vesicles, they bind to CB1 receptors

Question 47

EPSP

Answer 47

excitatory post-synaptic potential, temporary depolarization caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell

Question 48

IPSP

Answer 48

inhibitory post-synaptic potential, either by the flow of negatively charged ions into the cell or positively charged ions out of the cell

Question 49

a postsynaptic potential is defined as excitatory when:

Answer 49

it makes the neuron more likely to fire an action potential

Question 50

larger EPSPs result in:

Answer 50

greater membrane depolarization, increasing the likelihood the postsynaptic cell reaches the threshold for firing an action potential