Chemistry

Question 1

Four classes of organic molecules

Answer 1

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acid

Question 2

Carbohydrate function?

Answer 2

Fuel and building material

Question 3

Types of Carbohydrates

Answer 3

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Disaccharides (two monosaccharides)
Polysaccharides (many monosaccharides)

Question 4

Most important energy source

Answer 4

glucose

Question 5

Cellular respiration

Answer 5

process in which cells turn glucose into ATP (energy currency)

Question 6

Glucose molecules can be combined to form…

Answer 6

disaccharides or polysaccharides for energy storage

Question 7

Polysaccharides are about

Answer 7

100 to 1000 monosaccharides

Question 8

Lipids

Answer 8

hydrophobic; contain carbon to hydrogen ratio of 1:2

Question 9

Types of Lipids

Answer 9

Fatty Acids
Triglycerides (fats)
Steroids
Phospholipids

Question 10

Fatty Acids are

Answer 10

Lipids; long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms connected to a carboxyl group -COOH

Question 11

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 11

fatty acid with only C-C; (single bond)
Saturated with hydrogen;
packed tightly and solid at room temperature

Question 12

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Answer 12

fatty acid with one or more C=C (double bond-alkene)
Kinked (trans/cis shape)
Liquid at room temperature

Question 13

Triglycerides consist of

Answer 13

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Question 14

triglyceride function

Answer 14

stores energy; insulation; cushioning

Question 15

Steroids are

Answer 15

lipids consisting of 4 carbon fused rings;

Question 16

Ex steroid: Cholesterol.

Answer 16

Function: plays a role in cell membranes; starting material for sex hormones

Question 17

Phospholipids are constructed from…

Answer 17

two fatty acids; glycerol joined to phosphate group;

Question 18

Phospholipid function

Answer 18

main component of cell membranes

Question 19

Phospholipids form

Answer 19

phospholipid bilayers (cell membranes) consisting of hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads that protects inner cell from environment

Question 20

Proteins are

Answer 20

most abundant organic compound in human body

Question 21

Protein functions

Answer 21

support; Movement; Transport; buffering; metabolic regulation; coordination and control; defense.

Question 22

Denaturation

Answer 22

When the physical environment causes a protein to lose shape and function (pH, temperature)

Question 23

Enzymes are

Answer 23

Catalysts, proteins

Question 24

Catalyst

Answer 24

Chemical that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed; decrease activation energy required for a reaction

Question 25

Enzyme characteristics

Answer 25

Specificity: Each enzyme catalyzes one type of reaction Saturation limits: rate of reaction correlates to concentration of enzyme and substrates Regulation: Any enzyme can be active under one set of conditions and inactive in other sets

Question 26

Substrate

Answer 26

the reactants in an enzymatic reaction

Question 27

Cofactor

Answer 27

an ion or molecule that must bind to an enzyme before a substrate can bind

Question 28

Cofactor purpose

Answer 28

Regulate enzyme activity; absence of can "shut off" enzyme activity

Question 29

Vitamins can...

Answer 29

be converted into cofactors

Question 30

Nucleic acids

Answer 30

Store genetic information

Question 31

Types of nucleic acids

Answer 31

DNA and RNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid and Ribonucleic acid

Question 32

Nucleotides

Answer 32

building blocks of nucleic acids

Question 33

Nucleotides consist of:

Answer 33

5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose in DNA; Ribose in RNA) Phosphate group Nitrogenous Base

Question 34

Two types of Nitrogenous bases

Answer 34

Purines (double ringed; adenine and guanine) | Pyridines (single ringed; cytosine, thymine, uracil)

Question 35

Structure of Nucleic acid: RNA

Answer 35

single stranded. Examples mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal)

Question 36

Function of RNA

Answer 36

Protein synthesis

Question 37

DNA shape and function

Answer 37

C-G and A-T complementary base pairs hold together in double helix Function: sequence of basis is the code that the cell reads to build proteins

Question 38

ATP is...

Answer 38

high energy molecule made and used by cells; energy currency

Question 39

ATP stands for

Answer 39

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 40

ATP molecules contain

Answer 40

High energy bonds;

Question 41

ATP Hydrolysis

Answer 41

release energy that cells can use: ATP -> ADP+P+Energy ADP + P + energy (food) -> ATP Reversible reaction

Question 42

Difference in nitrogenous basis between DNA and RNA

Answer 42

RNA contains uracil; DNA contains Thymine

Question 43

Bond formed by covalent bonds between amino acids in a protein

Answer 43

peptide bond

Question 44

Number of amino acids

Answer 44

20

Question 45

Amino acids are

Answer 45

building blocks of proteins

Question 46

Amino acids consist of

Answer 46

``` central carbon atom bonded to: Hydrogen atom Carboxyl group (COOH) Amino Group Variable R group ```