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Neural Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

Neural tissue is responsible for

A

COMMUNICATION

perception, learning, behavior, emotion, dreams, consciousness

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2
Q

Two major branches of the nervous system are

A

Central Nervous System - brain/spinal cord - sends commands

Peripheral Nervous System - everything else - brings information to the CNS

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3
Q

Nerves carry

A

sensory information and motor commands

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4
Q

afferent division of peripheral nervous system

A

carries information from stimulus to the central nervous system

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5
Q

Efferent division of the peripheral nervous system

A

carries motor commands away from central nervous system

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6
Q

efferent division includes

A

somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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7
Q

somatic nervous system controls the ______ and is ______

A

skeletal muscle; voluntary

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8
Q

autonomic nervous system has two divisions called the

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

control smooth muscle; cardiac muscle; adipose tissue and glands (involuntary)

each exists to compliment the action of the other

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9
Q

general cell types in nervous system

A

neurons - high speed communicators

glia - (neuroglia) maintain and support neurons

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10
Q

pre-synaptic neuron

A

is the neuron that will “talk”

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11
Q

post-synaptic neuron

A

neuron that listens (receives the transmission)

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12
Q

dendrites

A

receive electrical signal

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13
Q

axon

A

carries electrical signal

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14
Q

synaptic terminal

A

neurotransmitters are exocytosed

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15
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between the pre synaptic membrane and the post-synaptic membrane

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16
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

in presynaptic cell in synaptic terminal; filled vesicles with neurotransmitters and are exocytosed.

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17
Q

neuroglia cell types in central nervous system

A

Ependymal cells
Astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes

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18
Q

Ependymal cell

A

cell that creates fluid lining brain and spinal cord; circulates and monitors spinal fluid

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19
Q

Astrocytes

A

maintain blood/brain barrier; regulate ion, dissolved gas and nutrient concentration; recycle neurotransmitters; form scar tissue

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20
Q

Microglia

A

remove cell waste and pathogens through phagocytosis

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21
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myelinate CNS axons

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22
Q

neuroglia in the peripheral nervous system

A

satellite cells

shwann cells

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23
Q

satellite cells

A

(similar to astrocytes)

maintain ion/dissolved gas concentration

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24
Q

shwann cells

A

myelinate neuron axons in peripheral nervous system

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25
demyelination
pathophysiology that results from destruction to myelin
26
cells membrane potential results from ________ of charges across plasma membrane. The inside of the cell is typically overall ______ charged compared to the outside which is typically ______ charged.
unequal distribution negative (around -70mv) Positively charged
27
resting potential
-70mv
28
separation of charge creates voltage, which is a product of the function of the
selectively permeable membrane
29
Unequal distribution of charge across a membrane results in ____ outside and _____ inside
more sodium ions (Na+) outside more potassium (K+) and proteins (-) inside
30
leak channels
allow potassium and sodium to exit the cell; always open; easier for potassium to exit than sodium
31
Sodium potassium pump...
pumps three sodium into the cell and two potassium ions out to maintain electronegativity
32
electrochemical gradient
difference in the electrical and chemical gradient of either sodium or potassium.
33
explain the electrochemical gradient for potassium (K+)
Electrical gradient - more negative charges on the inside, so K+ wants to come into the cell Chemical gradient - diffusion is driven by concentration gradient more potassium inside than out, so K wants to leave! Chemical gradient is stronger than electrical gradient, so K+ moves out.
34
Explain the electrochemical gradient for sodium
Electrical gradient: outside of the cell is more positively charged than inside, so sodium wants to move in. Chemical gradient: concentration of sodium ions on inside is less than outside; sodium wants to move into cell the electro and chemical gradients reinforce each other - sodium wants to enter!
35
a neuron changes its membrane potential by
opening or closing gated ion channels that are selective for either sodium or potassium
36
Gated channels
respond to specific stimuli
37
leak channels, unlike gated channels, are...
always open
38
Two types of gated channels
chemically gated channel (dendrite) voltage gated channel (axon)
39
at any given time, gated channels can be....
closed - but right stimulus will open active - open because correct stimulus is present inactivated - closed an not able to reopen
40
inactive gated channel must... blank before being used again
return to resting potential
41
graded potential results from
activating chemical gated channels on the dendrites (neurotransmitter activates the channel)
42
graded potentials can't...
spread; are localized and do not go very far; but can lead to an action potential if the stimulus provides over 10mv
43
graded potential ______ with distance from the activation site.
decreases
44
depolarization
a change in the membrane potential toward a more positive voltage. enhances ability to generate an action potential (excitatory state)
45
repolarization
an action that restores the resting membrane potential. typically involves the Na/K pump
46
hyperpolarization
a change in the membrane potential toward more negative values; cell less likely to generate an action potential; inhibitory
47
Action potential results from
opening voltage-gated channels at the axon hillock
48
For action potential to happen, the axon must
be depolarized to the point of threshold (10mv greater than resting potential).
49
source of depolarization
the graded potentials (stored in the axon hillock)
50
At threshold, ________ gated _______ channels (open or close?) and trigger the ________.
voltage Na+ action potential
51
the action potential starts and ends where?
Starts at the axon hillock, extends to the axon terminal (synaptic terminal)
52
Action potential, unlike graded potential, does not... and..
does not decrease in intensity and propagates by changing the membrane potential down the axon
53
Explain how an action potential occurs
1. Cell rests at -70mv 2. Graded potential depolarizes axon to threshold 3. voltage-gated Na+ channels are opened 4. influx of Na+ causes depolarization 5. At +40mv, Na+ gated channels are inactivated and voltage-gated K+ gates are opened 6. efflux of K+ repolarize the membrane 7. Voltage-gated Na+ channels return to resting 8. K+ channels stay open until -90mv (hyperpolarized) and then close 9. leak channels and Na/K pump return the membrane potential to resting
54
The period in which a neuron cannot respond to another stimulus or open more channels
absolute refractory period
55
The period when a neuron needs a much higher stimulus to respond due to hyperpolarization
relative refractory period
56
Leak channels (location & potential)
cell body and dendrites / resting
57
chemically gated (location and potential)
cell body and dendrites ; graded potential
58
Voltage gated channels (location and potential)
Axon; action potential
59
Explain synaptic activity
1. presynaptic action potential causes neurotransmitters to exocytose 2. Neurotransmitters bind with receptor on post synaptic neuron 3. opens chemically gated channel on postsynaptic neuron; 4. Causes graded potential on post synaptic neuron
60
different synapsis release different
neurotransmitters
61
Most common synapses are ones that release...
acetylcholine (ACh) and are called cholinergic
62
Location of ACh synapses are commonly found in...
- All neuromuscular junctions (PNS) - All neuron-neuron synapses (PNS) - Many CNS synapsis
63
function of glutamate
plays important role in learning and memory
64
function of dopamine
released by neurons in many different brain regions
65
lack of serotonin
Lack of results in depression
66
SSRI name and function
selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors block serotonin re-uptake by pre-synaptic neuron
67
Computational power
ability to receive multiple stimulus and make a decision to create action potential or not
68
Excitatory synapse
produces an excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) across the post-synaptic membrane (depolarization) Makes an action potential more likely
69
Inhibitory synapse
produces an inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) across the post-synaptic membrane (hyperpolarization) suppresses the generation of action potential
70
what determines if a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory?
The receptor (NOT THE NEUROTRANSMITTER)
71
Example of excitatory synapse
ACh at neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle opens Na+ | channels
72
example of inhibitory synapse
ACh at neuromuscular junction of cardiac muscle opens K+ | channels
73
What does it require for a neuron to make a decision?
summation of all graded potentials in the dendrites/cell body
74
spatial summation of ESPS
one postsynaptic neuron receives input from many presynaptic neurons; receives multiple synapses from different synaptic terminals at the same time
75
temporal summation
sums one synaptic input across time (same input over and over)
76
rate encoding
neuron encodes strength of the stimulus by action potential frequency, not the size of the action potential all action potentials are created equal, so frequency causes change

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