Special Senses Flashcards by Jamie Rolfing

5 special sense

olfaction
gustation
vision
equilibrium 
hearing

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olfactory receptors respond to

chemical odorants

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Neurons with ___ receptor form olfactory nerve

chemoreceptors

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information does not synapse in the thalamus for which sense?

Olfaction

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Taste receptors are clustered in

taste buds

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taste buds are associated with

lingua papillae

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Cranial nerves carrying gustatory information

VII facial
IX glossopharyngeal
X Vagus

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gated channels involved in gustation

Mechanically gated

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Equilibrium sensations originate in the

inner ear

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vestibular complex made of

vestibule and the semicircle canals

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receptors in the….. provide equilibrium sensations

vestibular complex

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cranial nerve involved in equilibrium

VIII vestibulocochlear

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fluid in the …. assists in how we perceive balance

vestibular complex

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Auditory: which membrane converts sound waves into mechanical vibrations?

Tympanic Membrane

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…. transfer vibrations to oval window

3 auditory ossicles

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receptors of the — respond to sound waves

cochlea

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receptors are also called

hair cells

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hair cells…. with higher frequencies

depolarize more quickly

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Auditory info is taken to the brain via – cranial nerve

cochlea part of vestibulocochlear (VIII)

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Retina

Thin sheet of neural tissue at back of the eye with specialized neurons that respond to light.

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function of the eye lens

focuses light on retina, correct for refraction

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myopia

nearsighted

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hyperopia

far sightedness

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— changes the diameter of the pupil

pupillary muscles

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decreased light intensity increases...

sympathetic stimulation

increased light intensity stimulates

parasympathetic division

Number of layers of cells in retinal circuit

three: (back to front) Photoreceptors bipolar cells ganglion cells

rods detect

dim light

cones

encode color; less sensitive to light;

action potential only occurs in which cell in the retina?

Ganglion cells to the brain (axons form optic nerve)

amacrine and horizontal cells

adjust to light intensities; facilitate or inhibit vertical communication

pigmented epithelium

intercepts photons that are not absorbed by the photoreceptors so light doesn't "bounce around" in the retina

axons from the ganglion cells leave the retina at the

optic disk

involuntary eye movement (function)

keeps visual image moving and brain fills in the blank

segments in photoreceptors

outer and inner segment

outer segment of photoreceptor contains

membranous disks with visual pigment

visual pigments (function)

absorb light, first step to transduction

phototransduction

change light (photons) into a neural signal (graded potential)

visual pigments are derivatives of

rhodopsin

rhodopsin is made of

protein, opsin | pigment, retinal

inner segment of photoreceptor contains--- and synapses on---

organelles ; bipolar cell (releases neurotransmitter)

outer segments of photoreceptors have.... that make the membrane potential.... in the dark

chemically gated NA channels; depolarized

chemically gated sodium channels are gated by

cGMP

in the dark, the photoreceptor is --- neurotransmitter

constantly releasing

neurotransmitter that binds to bipolar cells is called

glutamate

phototransduction occurs when

photon strikes retinal portion of rhodopsin

retinal absorbs photon of light, and then...

retinal changes shape and activates the opsin molecule

Explain phototransduction in steps;

1. photon contacts the retinal pigment in the rhodopsin molecule 2. retinal changes shape 3. opsin molecule is activated 4. opsin activates transducin (membrane bound enzyme) 5. transducin activates phosphodiesterase (degrades cGMP) 6. sodium channels close 7. membrane potential decreases 8. Release of neurotransmitter slows

transducin activates

phosphodiesterase

phosphodiesterase .... to cGMP

degrades

Opsin activates

transducin

Off bipolar cells is

depolarized by glutamate

ON bipolar cell is

hyperpolarized by glutamate (K channels)

OFF bipolar cell is excited by

lights off

ON bipolar cell is excited by

lights on due to decrease in glutamate release

ON ganglion respond to

ON bipolar cells

OFF ganglion respond to

off bipolar cells

ON ganglion cells respond to an

increase in light intensity

OFF ganglion receptors respond to

decrease in light sensitivity

ganglion cell axons converge at --- and travel to the ---

optic disc --- diencephalon at optic chiasm

visual info is routed through

thalamus

visual info arrives at the

visual cortex of opposite occipital lobe

two optic nerves reach the diencephalon at the

optic chiasm

visual info arrives at mesencephalon

for eye and head movement (subconcious)

visual info arrives at hypothalamus for

circadian rhythms (sleep/wake; metabolism, etc)

Special Senses Flashcards

(65 cards)