Childhood Disorders

Question 1

What is the most common cause of Intellectual disability?

Answer 1

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Question 2

What are risk factors for intellectual disability?

Answer 2

Inborn errors of metabolism
Intrauterine infections
exposure to toxins and heavy metals
poor prenatal care
physical trauma
social deprivation

Question 3

How do you treat Intellectual disability?

Answer 3

Genetic counseling, prenatal care, safe environments
Special education: improve level of functioning
Behavior therapy: help reduce negative behaviors

Question 4

What are Autism Spectrum Disorders (ADS) characterized by?

Answer 4

difficulty in social interactions, behavior and language that impair daily functioning

Question 5

When are Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) usually diagnosed?

Answer 5

Prior to age 3

Question 6

What deficits are commonly seen in ASDs?

Answer 6

lack of social connection, poor eye contact, problems with language, relationships and understanding others

Stereotyped or repetitive movements, inflexibility and unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment

Question 7

What is the goal of treatment in ASDs?

Answer 7

Improve the patient’s ability to develop relationships, attend school and achieve independent living

Question 8

What are the treatment strategies utilized in ASDs?

Answer 8

Behavior modifications

Antipsychotics to help with aggression: risperidone or aripiprazole

Early behavioral interventions

Question 9

What antipsychotic medications are used to control aggression in ASDs?

Answer 9

Risperidone

Aripiprazole

Question 10

What features characterize Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

Answer 10

Inattention, short attention span or hyperactivity that is severe enough to interfere with daily functioning

Question 11

What Neurotransmitter is ADHD associated with?

Answer 11

Dopamine

Question 12

What Dopamine levels are associated with ADHD?

Answer 12

lower levels

Question 13

What are the diagnostic criteria for ADHD?

Answer 13

Symptoms must be present for >6 months: usually at age <7

Symptoms must be present in 2 or more settings

Question 14

What is the first line treatment for ADHD?

Answer 14

Methylphenidate and Dextroamphetamine to reduce inattention and hyperactivity

Question 15

How do Methylphenidate and Dextroamphetamine work?

Answer 15

Affect the Noradrenergic and Dopaminergic pathways of attention

Question 16

What side effects are associated with Methylphenidate and Dextroamphetamine?

Answer 16

Insomnia, Decreased appetite, GI disturbances, increased anxiety and headache

Question 17

What is the second line treatment for ADHD?

Answer 17

Atomoxetine

Question 18

What is the mechanism of Atomoxetine?

Answer 18

NE reuptake inhibitor

Question 19

What can be used if ADHD presents with Tourette syndrome and tics?

Answer 19

Clonidine and Guanfacine

Question 20

What is the mechanism of Clonidine and Guanfacine?

Answer 20

Alpha-2 agonists

Question 21

How does Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) present?

Answer 21

argue with others, lose temper, easily annoyed and blame others for their mistakes

Tend to have problem with authority figures and justify their behavior as a response to others actions

Question 22

How do you treat Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?

Answer 22

Teach parents appropriate child management skills and how to lessen the behavior

Psychotherapy for the child

Question 23

How does a Conduct Disorder present?

Answer 23

Persistent rule-breaking behavior: aggression toward others, destroys property, stealing, lying violating rules

Question 24

How do you treat a Conduct Disorder?

Answer 24

Behavioral intervention

If aggressive: may use antipsychotic medications

Question 25

How does Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) present?

Answer 25

Chronic, severe, persistent irritability with temper outburst. occur almost everyday, noticeable by others, and are out or proportion to the situation Occur yearround: no period >3 months without Interfere with home, school or peers

Question 26

How do you treat Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)?

Answer 26

Therapy possible medications

Question 27

What is Tourette Disorder characterized by?

Answer 27

Onset of multiple tics for >1 year and seen girls

Question 28

What other conditions are associated with Tourette Disorder?

Answer 28

ADHD and OCD

Question 29

What are the treatment options for Tourette Disorder?

Answer 29

Dopamine antagonists: haloperidol, Pimozide, Risperidone Alpha-2 agonists: Clonidine if ADHD SSRI if OCD present

Question 30

What dopamine antagonists are commonly used in Tourette Disorder?

Answer 30

Haloperidol, Pimozide, Risperidone

Question 31

What medication can be used for Tourette Disorder with ADHD?

Answer 31

Clonidone: alpha-2 agonist

Question 32

What is the mechanism of Clonidine?

Answer 32

Alpha-2 agonist

Question 33

What can be used for Tourette Disorder with OCD?

Answer 33

SSRI drugs

Question 34

What is Intermittent Explosive Disorder?

Answer 34

Seen in adolescents and adults: Outbursts of verbal or physical impulses that -are periodic, unplanned and out of proportion to circumstances -Impair psychosocial functioning and cause stress

Question 35

How do you treat Intermittent Explosive Disorder?

Answer 35

CBT + SSRI