Cholesterol Synthesis

Question 1

What is cholesterol located between

Answer 1

Membrane fatty acid chains

Question 2

What does cholesterol form

Answer 2

Loose cross links and reduce fluidity

Question 3

By forming loose cross links and reducing fluidity what is increased

Answer 3

Increases rigidity if cholesterol is next to a saturated LCFA

Question 4

Where is cholesterol the highest in

Answer 4

Plasma membranes and is virtually absent from inner mitochondrial membranes

Question 5

What is cholesterol a precursor to

Answer 5

Bile salts

Steroid hormones

Question 6

esterfied LCFA attached to hydroxyl group and only 30% occurs in the free form

Answer 6

Esterfied cholesterol

Question 7

Esterfied cholesterol form

Answer 7

Hydrophobic

Question 8

Where is esterfied cholesterol not located

Answer 8

Membranes

Question 9

What’s esterfied cholesterol transported by

Answer 9

Lipoproteins

Question 10

What is solubilized in bile

Answer 10

Esterfied cholesterol

By bile salts and phospholipids

Question 11

Any common organic molecule produced by combing an acid with an alcohol

Answer 11

Ester

Question 12

Cholesterol primary site

Answer 12

Liver
Extrahepatic tissues:
Intestine adrenal cortex reproductive tissues

Question 13

Cholesterol location

Answer 13

Cytosol

Some enzymes are bound to the ER

Question 14

What are the raw materials

Answer 14

Carbon atoms: Acetyl CoA
Reducing power: NADPH
Energy: ATP Thioester cleavage

Question 15

Carbs proteins and fat to Acetyl CoA to?

Answer 15

Cholesterol

Question 16

Synthesis of Mevalonic Acid: 3 hydroxy 3 methyglutsryl CoA

Answer 16

HMG CoA NEEDS NADPH AND ATP

Question 17

What is the rate limiting enzyme

Answer 17

HMG CoA reductase

Question 18

HMG CoA reductase reactions occurs in the

Answer 18

Cytosol

Question 19

What is cholesterol a essential component of

Answer 19

Cell membranes

Question 20

what enzyme creates mevalonate

Answer 20

HMG CoA Reductase

Question 21

what is the first unique compound in cholesterol?

Answer 21

mevalonate

Question 22

what is irresversible

Answer 22

HMG CoA Reductase

Question 23

Regulation is active when

Answer 23

non phosphorylates

Question 24

regulation is inactive when

Answer 24

phosphorylated

Question 25

squalene is originally in what type of shape

Answer 25

in a straight line and needs to get to a ring structure

Question 26

where are the primary bile acids made

Answer 26

in the liver and secreted into the duodenum

Question 27

where are the secondary bile acids made

Answer 27

in the intestine and bacterial enzymes act on the primary bile salts

Question 28

bile salts/acids are secreted as

Answer 28

cholesterol

Question 29

bile acids/salts are both

Answer 29

polar and nonpolar and emulsified in the intestine

Question 30

bile acids/ salts are what kind of steroid nucleus

Answer 30

saturated steroid nucleus

Question 31

what is the difference?

Answer 31

the number and position of the hydroxyl groups | all hydroxyl groups have an alpha configuration

Question 32

what happens at the physiological ph

Answer 32

they ionize and occur as sodium and potassium salts

Question 33

name the primary bile salts

Answer 33

glycocholic taurocholic glycochenodeoxycholic taurochenodeoxycholic

Question 34

name the secondary bile salts

Answer 34

deoxycholic | lithocholic

Question 35

what is the precursor for all steroid hormones

Answer 35

pregnenolone

Question 36

``` eat carbs muscle and liver are full of energy and glycogen glucokinase pushes glycolysis forward to liver prep step runs starts the krebs citrate is kicked out citrate lyase gives back the acetyl CoA makes fat and cholesterol ```

Answer 36

cholesterol story

Question 37

sterol dependent

Answer 37

low sterol levels stimulate HMG COA reductase increased synthesis

Question 38

sterol dependent

Answer 38

high sterol levels in the cell down regulates cholesterol synthesis

Question 39

sterol accelerated

Answer 39

degradation of HMG COA reductase

Question 40

sterol independent

Answer 40

AMP activated protein kinase (activated by CAMP) | reductase phosphorylated- inhibited

Question 41

hormonal regulation stimulation

Answer 41

thyroxine and insulin

Question 42

hormonal regulation and down regulation

Answer 42

glucagon and glucocorticoids

Question 43

statins are ...to HMG COA reductase

Answer 43

competitive inhibitors

Question 44

is there degradation of cholesterol

Answer 44

no

Question 45

cholesterol synthesis is stimulated by

Answer 45

ATP NADPH insulin fructose

Question 46

cholesterol synthesis is inhibited by

Answer 46

ADP AMP NADP glucagon