Ketogenesis

Question 0

What does B oxidation produce

Answer 0

Acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle and ketone bodies in the liver

Question 1

Ketogenesis reduces what levels

Answer 1

Acetyl CoA and allows B Oxidation to continue

Question 2

Ketogenesis is

Answer 2

Low no carbs

Question 3

What are substances that make ketone bodies?

Answer 3

Acetyl CoA or things that can turn into Acetyl CoA

Ketogenic amino acids

Question 4

What are the amino acids that are only Ketogenic?

Answer 4

Leucine and lysine

Question 5

What are the amino acids that are Ketogenic and glucogenic?

Answer 5

Isoleucine phenylalanine tryptophan tyrosine threonine

Question 6

What does fats turn into?

Answer 6

Acetyl CoA OHOT

Question 7

What can fats not turn into?

Answer 7

Glucose

Question 8

What can Acetyl CoA not turn into?

Answer 8

Glucose

Question 10

Is pyruvate dehydrogenase a reversible reaction?

Answer 10

No Its only irreversible

Question 11

what are ketone bodies the result of?

Answer 11

excess acetyl CoA from fat burning spilling over away from the krebs cycle

Question 12

where are ketone bodies transported to?

Answer 12

the extrahepatic tissue

Question 13

ketone bodies in the extrahepatic tissues are converted to what?

Answer 13

acetyl CoA

Question 14

what are ketone bodies oxidized for?

Answer 14

oxidized for energy

Question 15

what organ can make ketone bodies?

Answer 15

the liver

Question 16

what can the liver not do to ketone bodies?

Answer 16

cannot oxidize ketone bodies

Question 17

T/F the liver can produce ketone bodies but it cant consume ketone bodies

Answer 17

true

Question 18

what are functional ketone bodies?

Answer 18

transported from the liver to target blood to target tissues

Question 19

what are functional ketone boies converted to?

Answer 19

converted to acetyle CoA

Question 20

functional ketone bodies run what cycles

Answer 20

krebs cycle and ETS

Question 21

what are the functional (primary) ketone bodies?

Answer 21

acetoacetate and B-hydroxybutyrate

Question 22

what is exhaled and is a by product of a ketone body?

Answer 22

acetone

Question 23

what does the brain prefer from energy?

Answer 23

glucose

Question 24

can the brain adapt to ketone bodies during starvation or lack of glucose

Answer 24

yes it can

Question 25

the liver has more .....

Answer 25

mitochodrial HMG CoA Synthase

Question 26

what is the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of ketone bodies?

Answer 26

HMG CoA Synthase

Question 27

what version is present in significant quantities in the liver?

Answer 27

the isoenzyme

Question 28

what enzyme is also in the cholesterol synthesis pathway but in the cytosol?

Answer 28

HMG CoA Synthase

Question 29

what are ketone bodies and cholesterol made from?

Answer 29

both start from acetyl CoA | both have HMG CoA as a precursor

Question 30

what conditions are ketones made under?

Answer 30

excessive fat bruning in the liver

Question 31

what condition is cholesterol made under?

Answer 31

excessive sugar and insulin results in cholesterol

Question 32

what happens in response to low carbohydrates?

Answer 32

increased fat burning> more acetyl CoA from OHOT going to the krebs cycle increased gluconeogenesis> more AA are converted into glucose >more oxaloacetate stolen from the krebs cycle to make glucose(cant start with pyruvate or lactate low carbs) OHOT makes excess acetyl CoA > not enough oxaloacetate to combine with it excess acetyl CoA turns into ketone bodies body uses the ketone bodies instead of glucose GNG is diminished> less protein is consumed by GNG

Question 33

what does the liver receive large quantities of?

Answer 33

fat

Question 34

large quantities of fat in the liver what does low carbs mean?

Answer 34

you will burn more fat

Question 35

large quantities of fat in the liver what does glucagon stimulate?

Answer 35

fat burning

Question 36

large quantities of fat in the liver what does glucagon inhibit?

Answer 36

liver glycolysis

Question 37

what does fat oxidation OHOT in the liver yield

Answer 37

lots of acetyl CoA

Question 38

what does acetyl CoA inhibit?

Answer 38

pyruvate dehydrogenase (prep step)

Question 39

what does acetyl CoA stimulate?

Answer 39

pyruvate carboxylase (gluconeogenesis)

Question 40

what is krebs cycle intermediates used to make

Answer 40

glucose (gluconeogenesis)

Question 41

krebs cycle intermediates used to make glucose

Answer 41

fasting or untreated diabetes oxaloacetate stolen from krebs for GNG slows krebs and acetyl CoA oxidation stimulates the conversion of acetyl CoA to acetoacetate

Question 42

what is the protein sparing effect?

Answer 42

by having ketones to burn, tissue doesnt have to rely on AA for glucose

Question 43

what is rare for a ketogenic diet?

Answer 43

inflammation of pancreas cardiac problems selenium and carnitine deficiency basal ganglia changes

Question 44

what are common side effect in a ketogenic diet?

Answer 44

constipation acidosis decreased weight gain but not loss

Question 45

what are less common side effects in a ketogenic diet?

Answer 45

``` elevated cholesterol kidney stones slow growth pattern (5th percentile) GI upset decreased bone density (similar to medication effect) ```

Question 46

do ketone bodies cross the BBB

Answer 46

yes they do for brain energy metabolism

Question 47

low carbs mean

Answer 47

burn more fat and make more glucose

Question 48

what else can carbs be made from

Answer 48

protein

Question 49

by burning protein to make carbs is it good for long term

Answer 49

no it is bad idea

Question 50

what does increased FA oxidation stimualte the production of

Answer 50

ketones

Question 51

what can ketones do instead of glucose

Answer 51

they can be oxidized

Question 52

does it take more protein or carbs

Answer 52

it takes more carbs and less protein

Question 53

what are acetoacetate and b-hydroxybuturate transported in and to

Answer 53

in the blood to the extraheptatic tissues

Question 54

what can both acetoacetate and b-hydroxybuturate be converted to and what cycle can they both ente

Answer 54

can be converted acetyl CoA through a series of reactions and acetyl CoA can enter to krebs cycle

Question 55

what is a increase ketone amount in the blood and urine called

Answer 55

ketosis

Question 56

increased acetoacetate and b-hydroxybuturat in the blood does what to the ph

Answer 56

it lowers the blood ph

Question 57

lowering the blood ph leads to

Answer 57

acidosis (ketoacidosis) coma death

Question 58

what is a ketogenic diet (example atkins die)

Answer 58

high fat low carb moderate amount of protein

Question 59

where does the production of ketone bodies come primarily from and what is it used for

Answer 59

from oxidized fat to be used for primary metabolic energy source

Question 60

type I diabetes

Answer 60

is diagnosed early in life insulin dependent pancreas is not producing insulin

Question 61

type II diabetes

Answer 61

diagnosed later in life non insulin dependent overproduction of insulin body is not using it properly

Question 62

what is the fourth most common neurological problem

Answer 62

epilepsy

Question 63

what are other common neurological problems that occur more then epilepsy?

Answer 63

migraine stroke and alzheimers disease

Question 64

what is a refractory epilepsy

Answer 64

medication is not controling it

Question 65

how is ketoacidosis able to be avoided

Answer 65

by monitoring the blood levels

Question 66

what does a very low calorie (very low carb) diet rely on

Answer 66

relying of FA metabolism for energy

Question 67

ketogenic diet mechanisms

Answer 67

neurotransmitters- GABA glutamate decreased dopamine/ seratonin regulation of adenosine antooxidant effect

Question 68

GABA and glutamate

Answer 68

inhibitory and excitatory KB inhibit glutamate decarboxylase lowering glutamate (excitatory) and increasing conversion to GABA (inhibitory) high GABA levels also inhibits sodium and calcium channels which are needed for neuronal excitation